Moses Sithole

Extent of access to information and communications technology by the rural population of South Africa

This paper investigates the trends in access to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in rural compared to the urban areas of South Africa. Using data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) covering the period from 2003 to 2009, the study found that access to both the ‘older’ and the ‘newer’ forms of ICTs has remained significantly lower (P < 0.001) in rural areas compared to urban areas. The paper then examines these trends in the context of the Department of Science and Technologys (DST) policies and strategies on the diffusion of science and technology in South Africa.

The impact of sociodemography, diet, and body size on serum retinol in women 16–35 years of age: SANHANES-1

To determine the current vitamin A status of a nationally representative sample of women aged 16–35 years, compare it with previous national data, and determine the impact of sociodemography, diet, and body size on vitamin A status, we performed secondary analysis of data on South African women who participated in the first South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES‐1). Vitamin A status was assessed by serum retinol, and the findings are reported as means and prevalences with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Overall, the age‐standardized vitamin A deficiency prevalence was 11.7%, a decrease from previous national data, but serum retinol levels remained lower than in other developing countries. Overall, unweighted, multilevel, multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin A deficiency was influenced by race only (odds ratio (OR) = 1.89, P = 0.031), while weighted multiple logistic regression for 16‐ to 18‐year‐olds showed that vitamin A deficiency was influenced by locality (OR = 9.83, P = 0.005) and household income (intermediate (OR = 0.2, P = 0.022) and upper (OR = 0.25, P = 0.049)). Despite the decreased prevalence, vitamin A deficiency remains a moderate public health problem in the country. Opportunities for targeted interventions have been identified.

Understanding the determinants of hemoglobin and iron status: adolescent–adult women comparisons in SANHANES‐1

The study compared hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin levels between adolescent and adult women with different body mass indices, dietary intake, and sociodemography. A secondary analysis of data for 3177 South African women ⩾15 years of age who participated in the SANHANES‐1 study was undertaken. Abnormal Hb (≤12 g/dL) and serum ferritin (<15 μg/mL) were based on the World Health Organizations criteria for nonpregnant women aged ⩾15 years. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11. Overall, anemia was detected in 740 (23.3%) participants. Of the individuals in the subsample (n = 1123, 15–35 years) who had serum ferritin measured, 6.0% presented with iron depletion (ID) and 10.8% presented with iron‐deficiency anemia (IDA). The highest prevalences of anemia, ID, and IDA were in 15‐ to 18‐year‐olds (11.2%, 8.8%, and 20.2%, respectively). Black young adults (19–24 years) were up to 40 times more likely to present with ID compared with their non‐black counterparts. While overweight adolescents were three times more likely to be anemic, overweight and obese young adults, as well as obese older adults (25–35 years), were less likely to be anemic compared with normal‐weight women of all age groups. Overconsumption of dietary fat increased ID by up to 54‐ and 11‐fold (adolescents and 25‐ to 35‐year‐olds, respectively). In South Africa, anemia is most prevalent in adolescents and black women. Anemia is also an indicator of overconsumption of dietary fat and a marker of socioeconomic disadvantage.