Most. Nazma Parvin

Evaluation of In Vitro Equivalence for Tablets Containing the Poorly WaterSoluble Compound Atorvastatin

This paper describes the evaluation of the in vitro equivalence of tablets containing a poorly water-soluble compound, atorvastatin, marketed in Bangladesh under biowaiver conditions. Drug release was compared with that of a reference product. The in vitro equivalence test was carried out in three different media (pH 1.2, pH 4.5, and pH 6.8). Test results were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the dissolution profiles. Model-independent approaches of difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), and dissolution efficiency (%DE) were employed. Dissolution profiles of test and reference (innovator) atorvastatin are equivalent at pH 6.8 without statistical treatment. The test products are equivalent at pH 4.5 (f1 50) and not equivalent at pH 1.2 (f1 > 15 and f2 < 50). Other general quality parameters of these tablets (e.g., weight variation, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration time) were also determined according to established protocols, and test results were within limit. INTRODUCTION Some drugs that have a good clinical therapeutic effect often show low systemic availability because of poor water solubility. Up to 40 percent of new chemical entities discovered by the pharmaceutical industry today are poorly soluble or lipophilic compounds. The solubility issues complicate the delivery of these new drugs and many existing drugs (1). Poorly water-soluble drugs show unpredictable absorption and high intrasubject and intersubject variability (2–4). Therefore, constant surveillance of marketed, poorly water-soluble drugs by the government, manufacturers, and independent research groups is essential to ensure availability of quality medicines. Atorvastatin, a synthetic lipid-lowering agent, is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, an early rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis (5). The calcium salt of atorvastatin is currently used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia (6). The intestinal permeability of atorvastatin is high at the physiologically relevant intestinal pH (7, 8). However, it has been reported that the absolute bioavailability of atorvastatin is only 12% after a 40-mg oral dose (9). The low systemic availability is attributed to low dissolution, presystemic clearance in gastrointestinal mucosa, and hepatic first-pass metabolism (10). Atorvastatin calcium is a crystalline powder and is insoluble in aqueous solution at pH 4 and below. It is very slightly soluble in water. The solubility in aqueous solution at pH 2.1 is about 0.0204 mg /mL, while the solubility in pH 6.0 aqueous solution is about 1.23mg/mL (11). The dose/ solubility (D/S) ratio for atorvastatin is greater than 250 mL for the 10-mg dose at pH 1.2, although the drug dissolves in 250 mL of buffer solution at pH 6.8. Therefore, atorvastatin is a low solubility drug according to WHO Guidance (12). Atorvastatin is not listed in the WHO Model list and is not classified according to BCS by WHO (13). Because of its solubility (low) and permeability (high), atorvastatin is assigned to BCS Class 2 according to WHO guidance. We selected atorvastatin tablets to evaluate the quality of locally available, lipid-lowering drugs with special emphasis on the study of disintegration and dissolution properties of the test samples due to their immense importance in predicting drug bioavailability as well as product quality. We used USP buffer solutions of pH 1.2 (hydrochloric acid solution), pH 4.5 (acetate buffer solution), and pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer solution). Six units were tested for dissolution. Other general quality parameters of these tablets like weight variation, crushing strength, friability, disintegration time were also determined according to established protocols. The test results were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the dissolution profile. Model independent approaches of difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), and dissolution efficiency (%DE) were employed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals Standard atorvastatin calcium was a kind gift from Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh. Three brands *Corresponding author. e-mail: ashraf@uap-bd.edu dx.doi.org/10.14227/DT190412P30

Pattern and treatment of Gout in Bangladesh: a hospital based survey at Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Gout is a common metabolic disorder which occurs due to excessive deposition of uric acid in different bone joints. Increasing life expectancy, life style change, changes in diet are causing an increased incidence of the disease nowadays. The present study was aimed to understand the pattern and treatment of gout in Bangladesh. 150 patients at four tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city were surveyed. The findings of the present study suggests that both male and female are suffering from the disease and age seems to be related to the disease as 62% of gout patients were found over 50 years of age. Body weight may be a contributing factor of the disease. Most of the gout patients under the survey were suffering from high blood pressure (65.33%). Primary gout was found more prevalent in this investigation (70.66%) and viral hepatitis was found to be the most common cause of the disease (50%). The patients presented common sign and symptoms of gout.