Mst. Marium Begum

Searching the Linkage between High Fat Diet and Alzheimerâ²s Disease: A Debatable Proof Stand for Ketogenic Diet to Alleviate Symptoms of Alzheimerâ²s Patient with APOE õ4 Allele

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative form of dementia affecting millions of individuals worldwide. A hallmark of AD is the deregulation of the level of s-amyloid (As) that leads to the appearance of the senile plaques that contain As derived from the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Among numerous risk factors for AD, genetic risk factor such as possession of e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) is considered as a crucial risk factor. Moreover, dietary fat composition has also been concerned as an important factor for AD since cholesterol and blood-brain barrier functions are linked with AD. The primary genetic risk factor is ApoE e4 allele that encodes one of several proteins responsible for cholesterol transport and it is considered as foremost cholesterol transport proteins in the brain. For the progression of AD high level of serum/plasma cholesterol has been recommended as a causative factor. But this statement is debatable meanwhile brain cholesterol levels of AD patients are highly variable and cholesterol levels in serum/plasma and brain of AD patients do not consider cholesterol as a risk factor in AD. Indeed, APOE e4 is neither essential nor enough for the development of AD, it only serves as a synergistic and increases the risk of AD. Another prominent feature of AD is region-specific declines in brain glucose metabolism. The brain cells are totally different from other cells of the body, the brain cells cannot competently metabolize fats, therefore completely depends on glucose as an energy substrate. Consequently, inhibition of glucose metabolism can have intense effects on the brain functions. As a result hypo-metabolism observed in AD has just attained considerable attention as a probable target for interference in the disease progression. One propitious way is to maintain the regular glucose supply to the brain with ketone bodies from ketogenic diet represents a potent therapeutic for AD. Therefore the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of the high dietary fat composition to the risk of developing AD by considering the impact of ApoE genotype.

Spectrum of Disease and Prescription Pattern for Outpatients with Neurological Disorders: An Empirical Pilot Study in Bangladesh

Background: Neurological disorders represent one of the most prominent causes of morbidity and mortality that adversely affect the lifestyle of patients and a major percentage of these diseases exists in developing countries. Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and prescription pattern for outpatients with neurological disorders in Bangladesh. Methods: The study was conducted on 1,684 patients in 6 hospitals (National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College, Sir Salimullah Medical College, and Apollo Hospitals Dhaka) of the Dhaka City from March 2014 to June 2015. Data were collected through a predesigned questionnaire from the patients that contain information about gender, age, marital status, occupation, residential status, affected disease, self-medicated medicines, and prescribed medicines. Results: Out of 1,684 patients, 28.38% patients were aged 51–60 years and male, 57.19% predominance. The study exposed headache and migraine for 29.75% patients, followed by stroke for 23.93% patients and seizure for 7.07% patients. Genetic reason for the neurological disorders was seen only among 12.35% patients. In this study, 16.98% patients had been affected by neurological disorders for more than 2 years and 19% of patients for less than 6 months. Most extensively prescribed medicines were multivitamins and multiminerals used by 17.89% of patients followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other analgesic by 14.84%; afterwards antiulcerants were used by 12.62%, subsequently anticoagulants were used by 11.61% followed by antihyperlipidemic medicines by 10.26% and antiepileptic drugs by 8.08% of patients. The crucial reasons for the selection of prescribed medicines were the confidence that patients had with the physician’s prescribed medicines, which was shown for 40.97% patients and knowledge of the medicines was reported for 35.04% patients. The period of prescribed medicine usage was 1–3 months for 39.73% patients and 3–6 months for 29.16% patients. The patient’s compliance for prescribed medicines was satisfactory for 34.56% patients, good for 28.15% patients, and side effects were reported for 23.22% patients. Conclusion: In Bangladesh, it is not surprising to note that neurological diseases are more prevalent than other different diseases among different age groups and genders. Headache and migraine, stroke and seizure are most frequently encountered neurological disorders here. Treatment procedure of these disorders is not quite suitable due to the anomalies of health care management systems. Appropriate management of the health care system, especially the placement of hospital and community pharmacy can overcome the existing inconsistencies as well as increase the knowledge, awareness, and perception of the patients about health and neurological disorders.

Comparative Study of Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects of Honey, Coccinia cordifolia and Hilsha Fish Oil in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Honey, Coccinia cordifolia (Locally known as Telakucha) leaves and Hilsha fish oil as hypoglycemic and hypolipedemic agents in diabetic condition. The leaves were initially under shade, grinded to powder, extracted with ethanol and filtered through Whatmann filter paper. The filtrate was concentrated by rotatory evaporator and stored at 4°C. The experimental rats were divided into six groups (n=6). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by single intraperitoneal injection (65 mg/kg BW) of freshly prepared streptozotocin hydrate solution in 0.9% saline solution. Hyperlipidemic was induced by mixture of cholesterol (1.5 %) and cholic acid (0.5%) with diet of rats. At the end of the treatment, the blood glucose level and lipid profile was measured by using commercial kits. It was observed that honey, plant leaves extract and Hilsha fish oil (HFO) have potential hypoglycemic effect as it significantly (p<0.001) decrease blood glucose level compared to diabetic control (DC) group. The serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and C- reactive protein (CRP) were also decreased significantly (p<0.001). An indicative antilipidemic effect was also observed as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) showed significant (p<0.05) decrease whereas HDL showed significant increase (p<0.001) by the treatment compared to DC group. From the above observations it can be concluded that the honey, C. cordifolia leaves extract and HFO have an effective therapeutic value in the treatment of DM and in the management of associated cardiovascular and hepatic complications.

A review on Zika infection: From strain identification to Guillain-Barré syndrome complication

Abstract Zika infection, caused by Zika virus, is one of the life-threatening viral diseases of the 21st century. Though this virus came into our focus about 50 years ago, our understanding regarding this has not been improved till then. The probable reason lies within its characteristics of not showing any physical or physiological symptoms until the virus is spread to our next generation, new-born babies, who become mostly victims of microcephaly. The prime focus of this review was to demonstrate two focusing etiological features and complications related to Zika infection along with their findings. In the first study, the purpose was to isolate the virus strain and to find out the reason for not showing any physiological symptoms. The next study was about how Guillain-Barre syndrome can complicate the Zika infection in vector body. In short, a partial depiction of infection by Zika virus was tried to be focused.

Analyzing the chance of developing dementia among geriatric people: a cross-sectional pilot study in Bangladesh: Analyzing the chance of dementia

Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia, representing 60–80% of cases, and ageing is the primary risk factor for the development of Alzheimers disease. The objective of this study was to examine the chance of developing dementia (i.e. mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimers disease) among geriatric people in Bangladesh.

Neurochemistry of Neurochemicals: Messengers of Brain Functions

Neurochemistry refers to the chemical processes that occur in the brain and nervous system. This section of study determines how neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. The brain transfers numerous chemical information via neurons to communicate. The main role of neurochemistry activities takes place in the brain, which allows it to perform numerous actions. Foundation of brain is a little bit different from man to man and several things can play a role in the levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain. It is supposed that differences in brain chemistry may accountable for a variety of behavioral disorders. A particular cell called neurons is the basis of brain. Neurotransmitters have the capability that it can trigger when ordered to do so, along with receptors for specific neurotransmitters. By sending messages with neurotransmitters to signal various cell activities, brain perform its functions. Neurotransmitter spreads chemical messages from neuron to neuron to broadcast certain work and thus it works. A neuron may accept many chemical messages, both positive and negative from the other neurons contiguous it. They are accountable to get the neuron to reply in different ways, or they may work combine to produce a certain effect. Since all of this occurs just within a split second, the neurotransmitter must be cleared away rapidly so that the same receptors can be activated again and again. Psychoactive drugs work by briefly influencing a mans neurochemistry, which thusly causes changes in a mans mind-set, cognition, perception and behavior. Neuropeptides are endogenous protein molecules that are utilized for neuronal signaling. These molecules exert more prolonged and diverse effects on behavior than neurotransmitters. Therefore the objective of this appraisal is to show study of the brain’s chemical makeup especially neurotransmitters, psychopharmaceuticals, neuropeptides and their activities to nervous tissue.

Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Potentials of a Medicinal Plant Abroma augusta: Implications for the Alternative Treatment Therapy of Cognitive Deficits in Alzheimers disease

Oxidative stress and low level of neurotransmitter (especially acetylcholine) are main characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Prolonging the function of acetylcholine by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase enzyme and reducing oxidative stress with antioxidants are most effective treatment therapy of AD. Abroma augusta is a well-known medicine plant with a variety of medicinal uses. In this study we examine cholinesterase inhibitory activity as well as antioxidant activity of dried fruit extract including crude methyl extract and its sub fractions (Chloroform fraction, Petroleum ether fraction, Ethyl acetate fraction and aqueous fraction) of A. augusta. Both cholinergic inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of various fractions suggested that, ethyl acetate fraction are most prominent among all fractions and can be used in symptomatic treatment of AD.

Inspection of Phytochemical Content and In Vitro Antioxidant Profile of Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.: An Unexplored Phytomedicine

Background : Oxidative stress is intensely linked with several pathological manifestations. Searching for medicinal plant with the superior safety profile for the treatment of oxidative stress related disorders are ongoing due to multiple unwanted effects associated with synthetic antioxidants. Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine the phytochemical content, in vitro antioxidant potentiality of crude methanol extract (CME), carbon tetrachloride fraction (CTF), petroleum ether fraction (PEF), chloroform fraction (CLF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of aerial parts of Gnaphalium luteoalbum (GL) L. Methods : The aerial parts of the GL were extracted with methanol followed by fractionation using carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical screening of this plant was performed by using standard methods to evaluate the existence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and fixed oils. Antioxidant potentiality was estimated by, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging tests. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also measured. Results : Phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of GL confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids and saponins in crude extract and its all fractions. The CME showed the highest scavenging activity (43.28%) with IC 50 of 398.49 I¼g/mL in the DPPH radical scavenging test. The IC 50 values of EAF, CME were statistically significant (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) with respect to ascorbic acid (ACA). For OH and NO radical scavenging tests maximum scavenging (48.39%, 69.64%) was also reported for CME compared to CTF, PEF, CLF and EAF. Compared to ACA, in case of OH and NO radical scavenging activities the IC 50 values of CME were markedly significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). In the TAC test, CME showed the highest antioxidant activity (absorbance, 2.6 nm) related to other fractions. TPC was found to be the highest in the CME (115.96 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) rather than other fractions. The ranking order of CTF, PEF, CLF, EAF and CME for TFC was 48.67 < 55.75 < 65.29 < 71.35 < 82.29 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried extract. Conclusion : The existing study suggested that CME of the aerial parts of GL can be used as a natural source of antioxidant which might be effective towards preventing or slowing oxidative stress related disorders.