Muhammad Khaskheli

Extent of extraneous water and detection of various adulterants in market milk at Mirpurkhas, Pakistan

In Pakistan, milk adulteration is a growing issue of significant importance. This problem persists at every level; from production point to consumption. Adulteration poses ill effects on the public health. This study was designed to screen the various adulterants in the market milk sold in the vicinity of Mirpurkhas district of Sindh, Pakistan during the year 2013. A total of 100 milk samples were collected. Twenty milk samples (n= 20) from each of milk producers (MP), milk collectors (MC), middlemen (MM), processors (P) and dairy shops (DS) were examined for various adulterants. Among these adulterants water (73%) was found in majority of milk samples, followed by detergent (32%), cane sugar (22%), caustic soda (20%), rice flour (17%), sodium chloride and skimmed milk powder (15%), hydrogen peroxide (13%), starch (12%), formalin (11%), urea and vegetable oil (10%), boric acid (8%), ammonium sulfate (6%), glucose (5%), sorbitol (4%) and arrowroot (1%), respectively. Freezing point of 65% milk samples of MP, 75% of MC, 75% of MM, 80% of P and 85%% of DS appeared towards 0 o C rather than that of control milk, and assumed to be adulterated with extraneous water. The averaged extent of water in milk sold by P remarkably higher than that of other milk marketing channels, but statistically non-significant (P>0.05) with all milk intermediaries; MP, MC, MM and DS. The risk of adulteration at DS was found to be significantly higher (P 0.05) with P and MM.

Surveillance of Milk Adulteration and its Influence on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Milk in Hyderabad, Pakistan

| Present study was carried out to evaluate the common adultrants practiced in market milk at the vicinity of Hyderabad city. In first experiment, a total of 100 unprocesed milk samples (five from each retailer sale points) were collected and examined during the summer season. Market milk was mainly adulterated with water, formalin, cane sugar (CS), skimmed milk powder (SMP), starch and sodium chloride. The water was common adulterants found to be in all the milk samples (100%), followed by formalin (34%), CS (24%), starch (13%), SMP (08%) and sodium chloride (05%). In second experiment, the recovered adultrants (viz., water, starch, SMP, CS, formalin) was used as treatment to record their effects on the physico-chmical charcateristics of normal milk. Significant influence of extraneous water (10 and 20% ) among the treatment was observed on physico-chemical characteristics of milk. Decrease in specific gravity (1.027±0.0003 and 1.024±0.001 respectively) and increase in freezing point(-0.462±0.01 and -0.399±0.010C, respectively) was recorded against their corresponding controls (1.030±0.001 and -0.525±0.010C, respectively) by the addition of extrenous water in milk. Addition of 10% water did not show any significant influence (p> 0.05) on pH value of milk (6.68±0.03), while 20% water had remarkable effect (p<0.05) on it (6.72±0.02) compared to that of whole milk (6.64±0.02). comparable reduction (p<0.05) in TS (total solid) content (13.34±0.28 and 11.15±0.44%) as compared to control milk (15.54±0.35) was observed. Protein, fat and lactose contents were also influenced (p<0.05) by addition of extraneous water to control milk. Addition of 1 and 2% each of starch, SMP and CS to normal milk did not show (p> 0.05) any significant influence on pH values and fat contents of milk, except addition of 2% CS that affected the pH (p<0.05). These results indicate alarming state of milk adulteration in Hyderabad city. As these adultrants significantlty affected the physico-chemical characteristics of milk like specific gravity, total solids content, protein and lactose content of milk.

Screening of adulterants and extent of added water in market milk at central zone of Sindh, Pakistan

An experiment was designed to screen the various adulterants in the market milk sold in central zone (vicinity of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Shaheed Benazirabad districts) of Sindh province at the end of year 2013. A total of 300 milk samples were collected each of 100 from vicinity of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Shaheed Benazirabad. Twenty milk samples (n=20) from each of milk producer (MP), milk collector (MC), middlemen (MM), processor (P) and dairy shop (DS) were examined for different adulterants (water, urea, starch, arrowroot, rice flour, sorbitol, glucose, cane sugar, ammonium sulfate, caustic soda, sodium chloride, skimmed milk powder, vegetable oil, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, salicylic acid, detergent and hypochlorite). Among these adulterants extraneous water was found in majority of milk samples. Freezing point of 39% milk samples of MP, 47% of MC, 50% of MM, 46% of P and 56% of DS appeared towards 0 C rather than that of control milk, and assumed to be adulterated with added water. Among all 300 milk samples water (79.3%) was common adulterant found in majority of milk samples followed by detergent (30.3%), cane sugar (22%), starch (18.3%), rice flour (17.7%), skimmed milk powder (15.3%), caustic soda sodium chloride and formalin (14%), hydrogen peroxide (12%), urea and vegetable oil (10.7%), ammonium sulfate and boric acid (8.3%), glucose (6.3%), arrowroot (3.3%), sorbitol (2.7%) hypochlorite (1.7%) and salicylic acid (1.3%), respectively. The extent of extraneous water found to be comparatively higher (P 0.05) with each other, but found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of P and MP. . The proportion of milk adulteration was found comparatively higher (P<0.05) at Hyderabad (4.00±0.460%), followed by Mirpurkhas (2.87±0.357%) and Shaheed Benazirabad (2.27±0.354%) districts of Sindh, Pakistan.

Detection of antimicrobial drug residues in milk marketed at different areas of Sindh province

The study was conducted to screen the milk samples for drug residual contamination marketed at the vicinities of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Sukkur, Larkana, and Karachi divisions of Sindh province. Out of total 400 samples, 49.75% were found positive for antibiotic residues, and over residual positive samples the highest percent was in the vicinity of Karachi followed by Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana and Mirpurkhas. The overall mean zone size was measured as 14.27±0.26mm in milk marketed at different areas of Sindh. Milk samples positive to antimicrobial drugs were further screened through Twin Sensor BT KIT020, and found that β-lactam was highest at Larkana followed by Hyderabad, Karachi, Mirpurkhas and Sukkur. The residual limit of Tetracycline was higher in samples obtained from Hyderabad, relatively similar percent was found in milk samples from Mirpurkhas and Larkana and least in samples of Sukkur. The overall residual contamination in milk was higher (38.29%) for β-lactam than that of Tetracycline (21.14%) group. It could be concluded that indiscriminate pattern or misuse of antibiotics at various stages of milk processing may have shown the significant influence and the residual level in milk reached at the peak point.