Muhammad Moid Sandhu

Co-UWSN: cooperative energy-efficient protocol for underwater WSNs

Sensor networks feature low-cost sensor devices with wireless network capability, limited transmit power, resource constraints, and limited battery energy. Cooperative routing exploits the broadcast nature of wireless medium and transmits cooperatively using nearby sensor nodes as relays. It is a promising technique that utilizes cooperative communication to improve the communication quality of single-antenna sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a cooperative transmission scheme for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) to enhance the network performance. Cooperative diversity has been introduced to combat fading. Cooperative UWSN (Co-UWSN) is proposed, which is a reliable, energy-efficient, and high throughput routing protocol for UWSN. Destination and potential relays are selected that utilize distance and signal-to-noise ratio computation of the channel conditions as cost functions. This contributes to sufficient decrease in path losses occurring in the links and transferring of data with much reduced path loss. Simulation results show that Co-UWSN protocol performs better in terms of end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and network lifetime. Selected protocols for comparison are energy-efficient depth-based routing (EEDBR), improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based routing (iAMCTD), cooperative routing protocol for UWSN, and cooperative partner node selection criteria for cooperative routing Coop (Re and dth).

Co-LAEEBA

Proposed model gives energy efficient communications for human body in WBAN.Link aware communications.Cooperative routing decreases path loss.Cooperative routing allows more frequent data gathering. Performance evaluation of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is primarily conducted in terms of simulation based studies. From this perspective, recent research has focused on channel modeling, and energy conservation at Network/MAC layer. Most of these studies ignore collaborative learning and path loss. In this paper, we present Link-Aware and Energy Efficient protocol for wireless Body Area networks (LAEEBA) and Cooperative Link-Aware and Energy Efficient protocol for wireless Body Area networks (Co-LAEEBA) routing schemes. Unlike existing schemes, the proposed work factors in collaborative learning and path loss. Cost functions are introduced to learn and select the most feasible route from a given node to sink while sharing each others distance and residual energy information. Simulation results show improved performance of the proposed protocols in comparison to the selected existing ones in terms of the chosen performance metrics.

Towards Delay-sensitive Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks☆

Abstract In Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs), fundamental difference between operational methodologies of routing schemes arises due to the requirement of time-critical applications therefore, there is a need for the design of delay-sensitive techniques. In this paper, Delay-Sensitive Depth-Based Routing (DSDBR), Delay-Sensitive Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing (DSEEDBR) and Delay-Sensitive Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (DSAMCTD) protocols are proposed to empower the depth-based routing schemes. The proposed approaches formulate delay-efficient Priority Factors (PF) and Delay-Sensitive Holding time ( DS HT) to minimize end-to-end delay with a small decrease in network throughput. These schemes also employ an optimal weight function WF for the computation of transmission loss and speed of received signal. Furthermore, solution for delay lies in efficient data forwarding, minimal relative transmissions in low-depth region and better forwarder selection. Simulations are performed to assess the proposed protocols and the results indicate that the three schemes largely minimize end-to-end delay of network.

Modeling mobility and psychological stress based human postural changes in wireless body area networks

Proposed model gives mobility behavior of human body in WBAN.5 different postures of human body (i.e. standing, walking, running, sitting and laying).Posture transition according to markov model.Proposed model shows different mobility behavior in each posture.Mobility model is implemented in 2 routing schemes and 9 performance parameters. Mobility models play a vital role on the performance accuracy of simulations in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In this article, we propose a mobility model for the movement of nodes according to the posture patterns formed either because of psychological stress or any kind of mobility. During routine activities, body exhibits different postures like, standing, sitting, laying, etc. We form a mathematical model for the movement of nodes according to the posture pattern. In walking and running postures, the nodes placed on the limbs move in a defined trajectory repeatedly. In these postures, the nodes placed on trunk of the body are minimally mobile. On the other hand, in sitting and laying positions, the movement of limbs is nondeterministic. However, we can locate an area in which the nodes presence is most probable. Postures change from one state to another depending upon probabilities. During movement, the distance between nodes and sink is changed. As energy consumption, delay, and path loss depend on distance, so they also change due to mobility. We implement the proposed mobility model in multi-hop and forwarder based routing techniques. In multi-hop routing technique, nodes send data to the sink using neighboring nodes. Whereas, in forwarders based scheme, two forwarders are selected in each round to transmit, alongwith their own data, the received data of neighboring nodes. Simulation results show that forwarder based routing schemes has increased stability period, network lifetime and throughput.

FEEL: Forwarding Data Energy Efficiently with Load Balancing in Wireless Body Area Networks

In this paper, we propose a reliable, energy efficient and high throughput routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In Forwarding Data Energy Efficiently with Load Balancing in Wireless Body Area Networks (FEEL), a forwarder node is incorporated which reduces the transmission distance between sender and receiver to save energy of other nodes. Nodes consume energy in an efficient manner resulting in longer stability period. Nodes measuring electrocardiography (ECG) and glucose level send their data directly to the sink in order to have minimum delay. Simulation results show that FEEL protocol achieves improved stability period and throughput. As a result it helps in continuous monitoring of patients in WBANs.

REEC: Reliable Energy Efficient Critical Data Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks

Energy efficient routing is important for increasing the lifetime of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Uniform load distribution is necessary for reliable and long term monitoring of patients in WBANs. In this paper, we propose Reliable Energy Efficient Critical data routing in WBANs (REEC). We deploy eight nodes and a sink on the human body. Two forwarder nodes are used which reduce the communication distance between nodes and the sink. The nodes send only critical data to the forwarder nodes. In order to distribute the load uniformly, forwarder nodes are selected/rotated in each round. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves increased network lifetime and throughput. Therefore, REEC is useful for reliable health monitoring in WBANs.

Mobility Model for WBANs

Mobility models play a vital role on the accuracy of simulations in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In this paper, we propose a mobility model for the movement of nodes placed on the human body. During routine activities, body exhibits different postures like standing, sitting, laying, etc. We form a mathematical model for the movement of nodes according to the posture pattern. Postures change from one state to another depending upon probabilities. During movement, the distance between nodes and sink is changed which affects the energy consumption of nodes. We implement the proposed mobility model in multi-hop and forwarder based routing techniques and study their performance parameters.

Hop Adjusted Multi-chain Routing for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks.

This paper presents two new chain formation based routing protocols: Multi Chain Energy Efficient Greedy (MCEEG) routing and Hop Adjusted MCEEG (HA-MCEEG). The MCEEG protocol divides network area into rectangular subareas of equal size, such that each one contains equal number of randomly deployed nodes. In each rectangular subarea, minimum distance based next hop (Greedy algorithm) for data transmission is used and the sojourn locations are adjusted in a way that, at a time when data reaches to the terminator node, BS moves to sojourn location in that rectangular subregion. Thus, data is transmitted through shorter parallel routes instead of single lengthy route. HA-MCEEG protocol exploits the radio parameters for energy efficiency i.e., closely inspects the energy costs (transmission, reception, aggregation and amplification), avoids unnecessary data hopping and selects route with minimum energy cost. Simulation results show that the newly proposed protocols perform better than the selected existing protocol in terms of stability period, network lifetime, packet sending rate and scalability.