Muhammad Ridla

Use of 3-nitrooxypropanol as feed additive for mitigating enteric methane emissions from ruminants: a meta-analysis

Abstract This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis on the effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants. A total of 12 in vivo studies from 10 articles were integrated into a database. Ruminant species included were dairy cows, beef cattle and sheep. Concentration of 3-NOP in diets varied from 0 to 280u2009mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI). Parameters included were CH4 emissions, rumen fermentation, microbial population, nutrient digestibility and animal performance. Meta-analysis of data was performed by using mixed model methodology in which different studies were treated as random effects whereas 3-NOP addition levels in diets of ruminants were treated as fixed effects. Results showed that increasing level of 3-NOP addition in diets of ruminants decreased enteric CH4 emissions per unit of body weight, CH4/DMI, CH4/milk produced, CH4/digested organic matter or CH4/gross energy intake (pu2009<u2009.05). Production of H2 was higher with increasing level of 3-NOP addition (pu2009<u2009.001). Addition of 3-NOP decreased total VFA concentration (pu2009<u2009.01), and decreased and increased proportions of C2 and C3, respectively (pu2009<u2009.001). Addition of 3-NOP decreased archaea population (pu2009<u2009.01) but it did not change total bacteria and protozoa populations. The substance had minor effect on digestibility of nutrients. Production performance of dairy cows and beef cattle was limitedly influenced by the addition of 3-NOP in the diets, and it had no negative effect on DMI of ruminants. It is concluded that 3-NOP is an effective feed additive to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions without compromising productive performance of ruminants.

Chemical composition and methane emission of some tropical forage legumes from Indonesia

The objective of the present study was to investigate chemical composition and methane emission of some tropical forage legumes from Indonesia, namely Acacia mangium, Acacia villosa, Calliandra calothyrsus, Albizzia falcataria, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena diversifolia, and Sesbania grandiflora. These leaves were oven dried at 60°C, ground by a hammer mill (1u2005mm screen size), and subjected to chemical composition analyzes and in vitro incubation. Determination of chemical composition included crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and tannin. Samples (200u2005mg DM) were incubated in vitro with 10u2005ml of ruminal fluid and 20u2005ml of buffer solution at 39 °C for 24u2005h in four replicates. Parameters measured were total gas production, methane emission, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, ammonia concentration, microbial population (total bacteria and total protozoa), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. Results showed that a number of forages contained CP of more than 30% DM, i.e. Acacia villosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena diversifolia, and Sesbania grandiflora. Exceptionally high tannin content was found in Acacia villosa in which the value was above 20% DM. The lowest total gas production was observed in the in vitro incubation of Acacia villosa, whereas the highest gas production was observed in that of Sesbania grandiflora. This pattern was also observed for the IVOMD parameter. The lowest and the highest methane emissions were observed in the incubation of Acacia villosa and Sesbania grandiflora, respectively.The objective of the present study was to investigate chemical composition and methane emission of some tropical forage legumes from Indonesia, namely Acacia mangium, Acacia villosa, Calliandra calothyrsus, Albizzia falcataria, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena diversifolia, and Sesbania grandiflora. These leaves were oven dried at 60°C, ground by a hammer mill (1u2005mm screen size), and subjected to chemical composition analyzes and in vitro incubation. Determination of chemical composition included crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and tannin. Samples (200u2005mg DM) were incubated in vitro with 10u2005ml of ruminal fluid and 20u2005ml of buffer solution at 39 °C for 24u2005h in four replicates. Parameters measured were total gas production, methane emission, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, ammonia concentration, microbial population (total bacteria and total protozoa), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Data were subjected to analy...

Effects of glycerol and chestnut tannin addition in cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on silage quality and in vitro rumen fermentation profiles

ABSTRACT The effects of glycerol and chestnut tannin addition on non-ensiled and ensiled cassava leaves which were then incubated in an in vitro rumen system were investigated to evaluate the ensiling characteristics and fermentation profiles, respectively. Both non-ensiled and ensiled cassava leaves were prepared using laboratory-scale minisilos with 4 different treatment types of additives. The treatments were Control (cassava leaves without additive [S0]), Cassava leavesu2009+u20093% dry matter (DM) of glycerol (SG), Cassava leavesu2009+u20093% DM chestnut tannin (ST), and Cassava leavesu2009+u20093% DM glycerolu2009+u20093% DM chestnut tannin (SGT). The cassava leaves silage recorded with high concentration of lactic acid, negligible amount of butyric acid, and low concentration of ammonia-N, demonstrates a well-preserved silage quality after 4 weeks fermentation. The in vitro total gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration did not differ between the treatment groups, but the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) increased after the ensiling process. The addition of glycerol alone or in combination with chestnut tannin showed propiogenic property in the non-ensiled cassava leaves. Chestnut tannin, when added singly or in combination with glycerol, reduced the ammonia-N and iso-VFA concentration in the ensiled cassava leaves. Furthermore, the addition of glycerol and/or chestnut tannin improved some of the silage quality and showed no detrimental effects on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles.

Use of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) to substitute soybean meal in ruminant diet: An in vitro rumen fermentation study

Aim: This experiment aimed to evaluate substitution of soybean meal (SBM) by black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal in a napier grass diet as performed by an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Materials and Methods: Samples of napier grass, SBM, and BSF larvae age 1 week (BSF1) and 2 weeks (BSF2) were arranged according to the following dietary treatments (dry matter [DM] basis): T1, 100% napier grass; T2, 60% napier grass + 40% SBM; T3, 60% napier grass + 40% BSF1; T4, 60% napier grass + 40% BSF2; T5, 60% napier grass + 20% SBM + 20% BSF1; and T6, 60% napier grass + 20% SBM + 20% BSF2. The samples were determined for their chemical composition and were incubated in vitro using buffered rumen fluid for 48 h at 39°C. In vitro incubation was carried out in three runs and represented by two incubation bottles per run. Results: Supplementation of BSF, both BSF1 and BSF2, increased ether extract, neutral- and acid-detergent insoluble crude protein contents of T3-T6 diets. The T3 or T4 diet resulted in lower ruminal ammonia concentration, in vitro DM digestibility, and in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility as compared to those in T2 (p<0.05). Diet supplemented with BSF produced lower methane emission in comparison to that of supplemented with SBM (p<0.05). Diet containing BSF2 produced lower methane and methane per digestible OM than that containing BSF1 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Substitution of SBM by BSF in ruminant diet results in a lower nutritional value in vitro but with an advantage of lowering ruminal methane emission.