Muharrem Türkkan

New hosts for Phyllactinia guttata in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Abstract Fungi belonging to the family Erysiphaceae (Ascomycota) are obligate biotrophs causing powdery mildew disease on various host plants. Most of the species in this family are ectoparasitic while the genus Phyllactinia is known to be partly endoparasitic. Phyllactinia guttata is one of the most important powdery mildews among Phyllactinia species causing disease on deciduous trees. In this study, P. guttata was detected on 11 woody plant species belonging to 8 families of Actinidiaceae, Betulaceae, Cornaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae and Ulmaceae in 5 provinces in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. This is the first report of P. guttata on Actinidia deliciosa, Alnus glutinosa var. barbata, A. glutinosa var. glutinosa, Cornus mas, Cydonia oblonga and Fagus orientalis in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

First report of Botrytis cinerea on golden berry

Botrytis cinerea infection of golden berry was reported for the first time from Turkey. The pathogen caused grey mould disease. The disease was widely observed in a golden berry orchard in Samsun province (Eastern Black Sea region), Turkey. The fungus was identified as B. cinerea based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis.

Kivilerde kök çürüklüğü hastalığına neden olan bazı funguslara karşı organik ve inorganik tuzların engelleyici etkilerinin belirlenmesi

Bu calismada kivilerde kok curuklugu etmeni Fusarium oxysporum , F. solani ve Rhizoctonia solani AG 4’e karsi 21 organik ve inorganik tuz ve sentetik fungisit olarak Captan’in etkinligi degerlendirilmistir. In vitro on denemelere gore, amonyum karbonat, amonyum bikarbonat, potasyum benzoat, potasyum sorbat, sodyum benzoat, sodyum metabisulfit ve Captan’in dahil oldugu 7 bilesik %2 konsantrasyonda uc fungusun miselyal gelisimini tamamen engellemistir. Birkac istisna disinda, sodyum metabisulfitin funguslara karsi diger 6 bilesikten daha buyuk bir etkiye sahip ED 50 , MIC ve MFC degerlerine sahip oldugunu gostermistir. Toprak testleri amonyum karbonat (%0.75), amonyum bikarbonat (%1), potasyum sorbat (% 0.5), sodyum benzoat (%0.5) ve sodyum metabisulfit (%0.25)’in R. solani AG 4’un miselyal gelismesini tamamen engelledigini, halbuki Captan’in % 95.23’e kadar azalttigini gostermistir, ancak bunlarin engelleyici etkileri arasindaki farklilik istatiksel olarak onemsizdir (P<0.05). Ayrica uc fungusa karsi %0.25 sodyum metabisulfit, %0.25 Captan, %0.25 potasyum sorbat, %0.75 amonyum karbonate ve %1 amonyum bikarbonat uygulamalarinin engelleyici etkileri arasinda hic bir onemli fark yoktur (P<0.05). Kok testlerinde her uc fungusa karsi %0.1 sodyum metabisulfit ve %0.25 Captan uygulamalarinin kivi fidelerindeki kok curuklugu siddetini patojenlerle inokuleli kontrol bitkilerine kiyasla onemli oranda azaltmis, fakat %0.75 amonyum karbonat, %1 amonyum bikarbonat, %0.25 potasyum benzoat, %0.25 potasyum sorbat ve %0.25 sodyum benzoat kok curuklugu siddetini azaltamamistir (P<0.05).

Inhibitory Influence of Organic and Inorganic Sodium Salts and Synthetic Fungicides Against Bean Root Rot Pathogens

The efficacy of 20 organic and inorganic sodium salts, and two synthetic fungicides against eight bean root rot pathogens—Fusarium equiseti, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, F. verticillioides, Rhizoctonia solani AG4–HG I, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii—were evaluated in this study. Accordingly to preliminary in vitro tests, only captan, benzoate and metabisulfite (2 %) were able to completely inhibit mycelial growth of all eight fungi. Moreover, no significant differences were observed among the inhibitory effect of these three compounds and EDTA (P ≤ 0.05). With few exceptions, the ED50 values indicated captan to have a greater effect against fungi than benzoate, EDTA and metabisulfite. However, captan, benzoate and EDTA all had MIC values that varied greatly from that of metabisulfite. Whereas captan, benzoate and EDTA showed fungitoxic activity against all fungi tested at concentrations greater than 0.1 %, metabisulfite showed fungitoxic activity against all fungi tested at concentrations of 0.025–0.25 %. Soil bioassays showed 0.25 % metabisulfite to completely inhibit mycelial growth of F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, R. solani AG–4 HG I, M. phaseolina and S. rolfsii, but not F. equiseti, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli and F. verticillioides. Higher concentrations of captan and benzoate were required to achieve total inhibition in soil bioassays when compared to metabisulfite, whereas EDTA was not able to completely inhibit growth of any of the fungi tested, even at the highest concentration. Moreover, the application of 1.0–2.0 % EDTA was found to be phytotoxic to bean seeds in terms of both seed germination and root elongation, whereas 0.1–0.75 % captan, 0.1–0.75 % benzoate and 0.1 % metabisulfite did not exhibit any phytotoxicity in terms of germination; 0.5 % captan, 0.1 % benzoate and 0.1 % metabisulfite did, however, have a negative effect on root elongation.The results of pH studies also demonstrated all eight fungi tested to be capable of growth in both acidic and basic environments, although the growth of some species was inhibited at the lowest value tested (pH 2), and the growth of all species was totally inhibited at the highest value tested (pH 12).ZusammenfassungDie Wirksamkeit von 20 organischen und anorganischen Natriumsalzen und zwei synthetischen Fungiziden gegen acht Wurzelfäuleerreger bei Bohnen – Fusarium equiseti, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, F. verticillioides, Rhizoctonia solani AG4–HG I, Macrophomina phaseolina und Sclerotium rolfsii – wurde in dieser Studie beurteilt. Vorläufigen In-vitro-Tests zufolge konnten nur Captan, Benzoat und Metabisulfit (2 %) das Myzelwachstum aller acht Pilze vollständig hemmen. Außerdem wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der hemmenden Wirkung dieser drei Verbindungen und von EDTA festgestellt (P ≤ 0,05). Mit wenigen Ausnahmen deuteten die ED50-Werte darauf hin, dass Captan eine stärkere Wirkung gegen Pilze hat als Benzoat, EDTA und Metabisulfit. Captan, Benzoat und EDTA wichen aber stark in ihren MHK-Werten von Metabisulfit ab. Während Captan, Benzoat und EDTA bei Konzentrationen über 0,1 % eine fungitoxische Wirkung gegen alle getesteten Pilze zeigten, zeigte Metabisulfit bei Konzentrationen zwischen 0,025 und 0,25 % eine fungitoxische Wirkung gegen alle getesteten Pilze. Boden-Bioassays ergaben, dass 0,25 % Metabisulfit das Myzelwachstum von F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, R. solani AG–4 HG I, M. phaseolina und S. rolfsii vollständig hemmt, nicht aber das von F. equiseti, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli und F. verticillioides. Höhere Konzentrationen als bei Metabisulfit waren von Captan und Benzoat erforderlich, um in Boden-Bioassays eine vollständige Hemmung zu erreichen, wohingegen EDTA das Wachstum keines der getesteten Pilze vollständig hemmen konnte, auch nicht in der höchsten Konzentration. Außerdem wurde der Einsatz von 0,1–2,0 % EDTA als phytotoxische für Bohnensaat erkannt, was die Saatkeimung und das Längenwachstum der Wurzeln betrifft, wohingegen 0,1 − 0,75 % Captan, 0,1 − 0,75 % Benzoat und 0,1 % Metabisulfit keine phytotoxische Wirkung auf die Keimung aufwiesen. 0,5 % Captan, 0,1 % Benzoat und 0,1 % Metabisulfit hatten allerdings negative Auswirkungen auf das Längenwachstum der Wurzeln.Die Ergebnisse von pH-Studien zeigten auch, dass alle acht getesteten Pilze sowohl in saurem als auch in basischem Milieu wachsen können, obwohl das Wachstum mancher Spezies beim geringsten getesteten pH-Wert (2) und das Wachstum aller Spezies beim höchsten getesteten pH-Wert (12) gehemmt wurde.

FUSARİUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. CİCERİS’ İN FUSARİK ASİT ÜRETİMİNİN İNCE TABAKA KROMATOGRAFİSİ VE SPEKTROFOTOMETRİK METODLAR İLE BELİRLENMESİ

Bu calisma Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris izolatlarinin fusarik asit uretimi ve virulenslikleri arasinda bir iliski olup olmadigini belirlemek icin yurutulmustur. F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris’ in bes izolati (KC 7, A4, KA6, KC9 ve KC6) Czapek Dox sivi besin ortaminda 5, 10, 15 ve 20 gun sureyle gelistirilmis ve toxin C18 kati faz ekstraksiyon kartijleriyle ekstrakte edilerek asetonitril ile elue edilmistir. Asetonitrildeki fusarik asitin varligi hem ince tabaka kromatografi hem de spektrofotometrik yontemle belirlenmistir. Fusarik asitin ince tabaka kromatorafisinde Rf degeri 0.70 olarak bulunmus ve fluoresan kremit rengi parlaklikta bir leke vermistir. Buna ilave olarak ince tabaka kromatografi analizinde bir izolatin tanimlanamayan bir metabolit urettigi belirlenmistir (Rf 0.87). Fusarik asitin kantitatif miktar analizi Agilent Specord 200 spectrofotometre ile gerceklestirilmistir. Izolatlarin hicbirisi inkubasyonun 5. gununde fusarik asit uretmemistir. Ayrica dusuk ve yuksek virulens izolatlarin fusarik asit uretimindeki farkliliklar inkubasyonun 20. gununde istatiksel olarak onemli bulunmustur.