Mukhtiar Ahmed

Routing protocols based on node mobility for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN): A survey

Abstract Recently, the Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is the major research area for researchers due to its versatile applications like: tactical surveillance, seismic monitoring, assisted navigations, pollution monitoring, and many more scientific based applications. Majority numbers of researchers have introduced the routing protocols based on node mobility but still research needs improvement to design the efficient routing protocols which control the node movement. This article focuses the routing protocols based on node mobility with its classification like: vector based, depth based, clustered based, AUV based, and path based. In classification the major focus is on deployment, node mobility, data forwarding, route discovery, and route maintenance. The article also focuses the existing problems in the mobility based routing protocols. We have introduced two analysis methods one is analytical method and other is numerical simulation method. In analytical method we have compared the proposed routing protocols through architectural parameters and performance characteristics parameters. In numerical simulation analysis we presents the simulation of proposed routing protocols through packets delivery ratio and observed that addressing depth based H2-DAB routing protocol remains well performer among all other proposed routing protocols. The core ideas of this research paper will guide the researchers to further research in the field of UWSN routing protocols based on node mobility.

Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks based on data forwarding: a review

Nowadays, underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is an important field for researchers due to its well know applications like seismic monitoring, disaster prevention, offshore exploration, pollution monitoring, oceanography data collection, equipment monitoring, assisted navigation, and tactical surveillance. Many research challenges are available for UWSN; the design of routing protocol is one of them. The majority of the researchers have designed the routing algorithms but still, the data forwarding mechanism needs improvement. The reliable communication between the source and sink nodes is really a complicated task due to the limitation of the acoustic channel, water pressure, and limited bandwidth. This review paper focuses on the problems of those routing protocols which are based on data forwarding. In this review paper, we further present the route development, data forwarding, and route maintenance of the proposed routing protocols. The key aspects of this review article present the limitations and advantages of data forwarding routing protocols. We also present analysis of data forwarding routing protocols with analytical and numerical simulation methods with their critical analysis. This review article helps the researchers to create further research in the field of routing protocols based on data forwarding.

CBE2R: clustered-based energy efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

ABSTRACT Routing in undersea environment is one of the challenging research areas due to the nature of acoustic channel and underwater harsh environment. In underwater environment, the major challenges are propagation delay, high bit error rates, limited bandwidth, uncontrolled node mobility, water current, 3D deployment and limited resources. Hence, designing an efficient and communication protocols for underwater environment is a challenging issue. To control the node mobility and prolong the battery power of the nodes, we proposed Clustered-Based Energy Efficient Routing (CBE2R) protocol. CBE2R controls the node mobility and prolongs the battery power of nodes by dividing the water depth into seven numbers of layers from top to seabed. CBE2R prolongs the battery power through powerful static courier nodes which are deployed from sea surface to seabed on different layers. Clustered-based routing mechanism with highest weighted value for data forwarding is based on seabed to bottom layer courier nodes through ordinary nodes. Bottom layer courier nodes collects the information from ordinary nodes and forwards to surface sink nodes by maximum power levels (p1, p2, …., pn-1) through courier nodes which are deployed in different layers. For performance analysis the NS2.30 with AquaSim is used. The simulation results of CBE2R are compared with energy efficient REEP, EMGGR, and DRP. From simulation results it is observed that the performance CBE2R is higher than REEP, EMGGR and DRP.

RMEER: Reliable Multi-path Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Zigbee technology has been developed for short range wireless sensor networks and it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard. For such sensors, several considerations should be taken including; low data rate and less design complexity in order to achieve efficient performance considering to the transceiver systems. This research focuses on implementing a digital transceiver system for Zigbee sensor based on IEEE 802.15.4 . The system is implemented using offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation technique with half sine pulse-shaping method. Direct conversion scheme has been used in the design of Zigbee receiver in order to fulfill the requirements mentioned above. System performance is analyzed considering to BER when it encountered adaptive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), besides showing the effect of using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique.The inverted pendulum is an under-actuated and nonlinear system, which is also unstable. It is a single-input double-output system, where only one output is directly actuated. This paper investigates a single intelligent control system using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to stabilize the inverted pendulum system while tracking the desired position. The non-linear inverted pendulum system was modelled and built using MATLAB Simulink. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic controller was implemented and its performance was compared with a Sugeno-fuzzy inference system in both simulation and real experiment. The ANFIS controller could reach its desired new destination in 1.5 s and could stabilize the entire system in 2.2 s in the simulation, while in the experiment it took 1.7 s to reach stability. Results from the simulation and experiment showed that ANFIS had better performance compared to the Sugeno-fuzzy controller as it provided faster and smoother response and much less steady-state error.Association Rule mining plays an important role in the discovery of knowledge and information. Association Rule mining discovers huge number of rules for any dataset for different support and confidence values, among this many of them are redundant, especially in the case of multi-level datasets. Mining non-redundant Association Rules in multi-level dataset is a big concern in field of Data mining. In this paper, we present a definition for redundancy and a concise representation called Reliable Exact basis for representing non-redundant Association Rules from multi-level datasets. The given non-redundant Association Rules are loss less representation for any datasets.This paper presents a novel technique for numeral reading in Indian language speech synthesis systems using the rule-based Concatenative speech synthesis technique. The model uses a set of rules to determine the context of the numeral pronunciation and is being integrated with the waveform concatenation technique to produce speech out of the input text in Indian languages. To analyze the performance of the proposed technique, a set of numerals are considered in different context and a comparison of the proposed technique with an existing numeral reading method is also presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique in producing intelligible speech out of the entered text.This paper presents a data processing system based on an architecture comprised of multiple stacked layers of computational processes that transforms Raw Binary Pollution Data com- ing directly from Two EUMETSAT Metop satellites to our servers, into ready to interpret and visualise continuous data stream in near real time using techniques varying from task automation, data preprocessing and data analysis to machine learning using feed forward ar- tificial neural networks. The proposed system handles the acquisition, cleaning, processing, normalizing, and predicting of Pollution Data in our area of interest of Morocco.Advanced Communication Systems are wideband systems to support multiple applications such as audio, video and data so and so forth. These systems require high spectral efficiency and data rates. In addition, they should provide multipath fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI) free transmission. Multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) meets these requirements Hence, MIMO-OFDM is the most preferable technique for long term evaluation advanced (LTE-A). The primary objective of this paper is to control bit error rate (BER) by proper channel coding, pilot carriers, adaptive filter channel estimation schemes and space time coding (STC). A combination of any of these schemes results in better BER performance over individual schemes. System performance is analyzed for various digital modulation schemes. In this paper,adaptive filter channel estimated MIMO OFDM system is proposed by integrating channel coding, adaptivefilter channel estimation, digital modulation and space time coding. From the simulation results, channel estimated 2×2 MIMO OFDM system shows superior performance over individual schemes.Electricity markets are different from other markets as electricity generation cannot be easily stored in large amounts and in order to avoid blackouts, the generation of electricity must be balanced with customer demand for it on a second-by-second basis. Customers tend to rely on electricity for day-to-day living and cannot replace it easily so when electricity prices increase, customer demand generally does not reduce significantly in the short-term. As electricity generation and customer demand must be matched perfectly second-by-second, and because generation cannot be stored to a large extent, cost bids from generators must be balanced with demand estimates in advance of real-time. This paper outlines a a forecasting algorithm built on artificial neural networks in order to predict short-term (72 hours ahead) wholesale prices on the Irish Single Electricity Market so that market participants can make more informed trading decisions. Research studies have demonstrated that an adaptive or self-adaptive approach to forecasting would appear more suited to the task of predicting energy demands in territory such as Ireland. Implementing an in-house self-adaptive model should yield good results in the dynamic uncertain Irish energy market. We have identified the features that such a model demands and outline it here.Received May 2, 2018 Revised Jul 9, 2018 Accepted Aug 2, 2018 Zigbee technology has been developed for short range wireless sensor networks and it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard. For such sensors, several considerations should be taken including; low data rate and less design complexity in order to achieve efficient performance considering to the transceiver systems. This research focuses on implementing a digital transceiver system for Zigbee sensor based on IEEE 802.15.4. The system is implemented using offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation technique with half sine pulse-shaping method. Direct conversion scheme has been used in the design of Zigbee receiver in order to fulfill the requirements mentioned above. System performance is analyzed considering to BER when it encountered adaptive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), besides showing the effect of using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique. Keyword:This paper presents the use of Simelectronics Program for modeling and control of a two degrees-of freedom coupled mass-spring-damper mechanical system.The aims of this paper are to establish a mathematical model that represents the dynamic behaviour of a coupled mass-spring damper system and effectively control the mass position using both Simulink and Simelectronics.The mathematical model is derived based on the augmented Lagrange equation and to simulate the dynamic accurately a PD controller is implemented to compensate for the oscillation sustained by the system as a result of the complex conjugate pair poles near to the imaginary axis.The input force has been subjected to an obstacle to mimic actual challenges and to validate the mathematical model a Simulink and Simelectronics models were developed, consequently, the results of the models were compared. According to the result analysis, the controller tracked the position errors and stabilized the positions to zero within a settling time of 6.5sec and significantly reduced the overshoot by 99.5% and 99. 7% in Simulink and Simelectronics respectively. Furthermore, it is found that Simelectronics model proved to be capable having advantages of simplicity, less time-intense and requires no mathematical model over the Simulink approach.

Energy efficient routing protocols for UWSN: A review

The Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is main interesting area due to its most valuable applications like: disaster preventions, distributed tactical surveillance, undersea exploration, seismic monitoring, environmental monitoring and many more. The design of energy efficient routing protocol however is a challenging issue because in underwater environment the batteries of the sensor nodes cannot be recharged easily. Majority of the researchers have adapted the terrestrial WSN methodologies to overcome this problem but in underwater environment the terrestrial WSN approach is not feasible due to the acoustic signaling and water current. This research paper focuses the key limitation of the current energy efficient routing protocols. The simulation results with comparative analysis for energy efficient routing protocols are also presented in this research article; which helps the researchers to find the further research gap in the field of energy efficient routing protocols.