Mustafa Ertürk

STANDARTLARI BAKIMINDAN COĞRAFYA MÜFREDAT PROGRAMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMASI / Comporation Geography Curriculum in Terms of Standards

Ozet Hayat boyu ogrenme modellemesinde cografyanin anahtar oldugunu savunan bu calisma, elimizdeki okul programlarini standartlar bakimindan birkac ulkeyle karsilastirip tartismayi amaclamistir. Karsilastirma yapilan ABD, Ingiltere ve Avustralya gibi ulkelerdeki cografya ogretiminde, 18 standardin tanimlarinin yani sira, standartlar arasindaki baglantilarin olmasi ve butunluk dikkat cekicidir. Turkiye’de uygulanan cografya ogretiminin iskeletini olusturan 11 yillik programda ise standartlar net degildir. Dunya, bolge, Turkiye konulari arasinda kitalar-okyanuslar olcegindeki kategoriler atlanmistir. Ozellikle Matematik-Fen siniflarindan mezun olan lise ogrencilerinin cografya dersi aciginin fazla oldugunu soylemek mumkundur. Ilk ve ortaogretimdeki cografya ogrenme kategorilerine cercevesinde standartlarin belirlenmesi geregi uzerine odaklanmis olan bu calismada mevcut mufredatin bunu saglamaktan uzak oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uzun sureli ogrenme, Cografya mufredati, Cografya ogretimi Abstract This study, which argues that geography plays a key role in life-long learning model, aims at comparing standards of geographic education in the U.S.A, Canada, and England to Turkish standards. One of the most important characteristics of geographic education standards in those countries is that they present a coherent and meaningful body. On the other hand, the standards as demonstrated in the 11-year curriculum in Turkey were not clearly defined. Some categories were even omitted from the curriculum. It is possible to say that students graduating from Mathematics-Science programs of high schools get inadequate training in geography. The result of this investigation suggests that the geography education standards in primary and secondary schools were not adequately defined and that standards should be developed for a better geography education. Keywords: life-long learning, geographic education, geographic curriculum

FETHİYE’DE YAYLALAR ve YAYLACILIK / High Plateaus and Transhumance in Fethiye

Ozet Fethiye Ilcesi’nde 105 civarinda yayla alani vardir. Bunlar Boncuk Daglari, Akdaglar ve Babadag-Aridag kutlesinin 1000 m.’den yuksek kesimleri ile 1000-1500 m. yukselti kusaginda bulunan Seki Platosu’nda yer almaktadir. Yayla alanlarinin toplam yuzolcumu 8.807 ha. (ilce alaninin % 2,6’si), ortalama buyuklugu ise 155 ha. kadardir. Ilce yaylalarinin yaklasik yarisi, 1000-2000 m. yukselti basamaginda, yani orman kusaginda, yarisi da alpin cayirlar katinda bulunmaktadir. Yaylalarla koyler arasindaki uzakliklar ise 5-10 km. (dag koyleri) ile 40-110 km. (ova koyleri) arasinda degismektedir. Arastirma sahasindaki 84 koyden 73’unde ve Fethiye Kenti’nde yaylacilik yapilmakta olup ilcenin toplam hane sayisinin % 12,6 kadari yaylacilik faaliyetlerine katilmaktadir. Ancak bu oranlar, dag koylerinde % 50’nin uzerine cikarken, sahil kesiminde kurulmus bazi koylerde ve Fethiye Kenti’nde % 5’in altina dusmektedir. Orman kusagindaki yayla yerlesmelerinin konutlari kalici konutlardan ve cadirlardan olusurken, alpin cayirlar katinda yer alan yaylalarin konutlarinin tamamen cadirlardan olustuklari gorulmektedir. Yine yukselti faktorunun etkisine bagli olarak, ortalama 2000 m.’nin altinda bulunan yaylalarda tarim ve hayvancilik, daha yuksekte bulunan yaylalarda ise sadece hayvancilik yapilmaktadir. Onceleri, tamamen kirsal ekonominin bir parcasi olarak surdurulen yaylacilik, son 30 yil icerisinde yore insaninin yasam tarzlarinin ve standartlarinin degismesiyle, gunumuzde daha cok rekreasyonel amaclarla yapilan bir faaliyet haline gelmistir. Buna bagli olarak da, yoredeki bazi yayla yerlesmelerinin giderek sayfiye yerlesmesine donustukleri gozlenmektedir. Yazin bunaltici sicagindan kacma istegi, gecmiste oldugu gibi, gunumuzde de yore yaylaciligini tesvik eden temel faktor olma ozelligini korumaktadir. Anahtar kelimeler: Fethiye Ilcesi, yayla, yaylacilik, yayla turizmi. Abstract There are about 105 high plateaus in Fethiye district. They are located in Boncuk Mountains, Akdaglar and 1000 m. higher parts of Babadag-Aridag range and Seki Plateau of 1000-1500 m. altitude. Total square area of the high plateaus is 8.807 ha., representing 2,6 % of the district’s total area. And the average size of each is about 155 ha. Almost half of the high plateaus is in the forest belt of 1000-2000 m. altitude and the other half is located on plateau meadows. The distances between the high plateaus and villages range from 5 to 10 km for mountain villages and from 40 to 110 km for the villages on the plains. Of 84 villages in the research area, transhumance activities are being carried out in 73 villages and Fethiye town. This represents 12.6 % of total households in the district transhumance. But while these percentages reach to 50 % for mountain villages, they can drop to 5 % in some villages and Fethiye district. It has been observed that while the houses of high plateaus in the forest belt consist of permanent houses and tents, the houses in high plateaus are completely composed of tents. Due to the altitude factor, farming and stock rising are practised in the high plateaus under the altitude of 2000 m., and only stock rising is practiced in high plateaus located at higher altitudes. Transhumance once practised as a part of rural economy has become a recreational activity as the lifestyles and standards of the local people have greatly changed in the last 30 years. Hence, some high plateaus have been observed to become tourist resorts recently. As in the past, the desire to escape from the suffocating heat of the summer months acts as a significant factor encouraging local transhumance today. Key Words: District of Fethiye, high plateau, transhumance, high plateau tourism.