Mustafa Keles

EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION, NICOTINE, AND SELENIUM ON WOUND HEALING IN RATS

Effects of sleep deprivation (SD), nicotine, and selenium (Se) on wound healing were studied in 50 male rats (Sprague-Dawley strain). Full-skin-thickness burns were produced in animals. Then, SD, nicotine, and Se administrations were applied to animals in different groups. Wound healing was assessed by pathological analysis of wound by counting fibroblasts, capillary vessels, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PNLs), and by measuring radiolabeled immunoglobulin G (IgG) amount in wound area by radio-pharmaceutical and immunoscintigraphic procedures. The number of fibroblasts and capillary vessels were higher in control and Se groups than in sleep deprivation and nicotine groups, and the number of PNLs and the radiolabeled polyvalent IgG levels were higher in SD and nicotine groups than in control and Se groups. The results suggest that SD and nicotine may delay wound healing and that Se supplementation may accelerate wound healing by preventing nicotine-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.

Protective effect of L-carnitine against cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidant injury in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of L-carnitine (LC) on changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants induced by cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP) in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups of six rats each: control, cisplatin, L-carnitine, and L-carnitine plus cisplatin. The degree of protection produced by L-carnitine was evaluated by determining the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). The activity of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated from liver and kidney homogenates, and the liver and kidney were histologically examined as well. L-carnitine elicited significant liver and kidney protective activity by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and elevating the activity of GSH, GSHPx, GST, and SOD. Furthermore, these biochemical observations were supported by histological findings. In conclusion, the present study indicates a significant role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their relation to liver and kidney dysfunction, and points to the therapeutic potential of LC in CDDP-induced liver and kidney toxicity.

The effects of polymicrobial sepsis with diabetes mellitus on kidney tissues in ovariectomized rats

Objectives: Sepsis model was used to understand the role of sustained hyperglycemia and ovariectomy, either separately or concomitantly, on the response of the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the oxidative response in kidney. Subjects: Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Diabetes was induced in female rats using administration of alloxan. The rats were divided into five groups: sham control (group 1), ovariectomy (group 2), ovariectomy + sepsis (group 3), ovariectomy + diabetes (group 4), and ovariectomy + diabetic + sepsis (group 5). Results: In kidney tissues, the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) and the activity of catalase (CAT) were higher for groups 3, 4, 5 than the control groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was lower for groups 3, 4, 5 than the control groups. We determined that CLP produced injury evident in the kidneys of rats when compared to the control group, whereas the severity of the injury was higher in the diabetes + ovariectomy + CLP group when compared to the CLP group. In immunohistochemical staining, we determined that CLP operation increased NF-κB activation. In the ovariectomized, septic, and diabetic group, NF-κB activation was significantly higher than other groups. Conclusions: Hyperglycemia and ovariectomy severely increased NF-κB activation and oxidant levels with the stages of our sepsis model. Ovariectomy resulted in general changes in metabolism, which are seen in the kidney with diabetes under sepsis conditions.

Antioxidative status and lipid peroxidation in kidney tissue of rats fed with vitamin B(6)-deficient diet.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation (LP) and free radical scavenging enzyme activities in kidney tissue of vitamin B6-deficient rats. Material and Methods: The rats were divided into control and vitamin B6-deficient groups. After 4 weeks of feeding, animals in all groups were anesthetized by thiopental sodium (50 mg/kg). Thoraces were opened, 2 mL blood samples were taken from aortas, then the rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and kidney tissues were removed. Biochemical measurements in kidney tissue were carried out using a spectrophotometer. Results: Total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), nonenzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and antioxidant potential (AOP) values in the vitamin B6-deficient group were significantly lower than those of the control group, whereas glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GRD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Discussion: The results show that vitamin B6 deficiency causes an attenuation in antioxidant defense system and an increase in oxidative stress in kidney tissue of rats.

DOES PERITONEAL DIALYSIS AFFECT HALITOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE?

♦ Objective: There are various causes of halitosis, one of which is chronic renal failure. The objective of this study was to investigate halitosis levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients before and after peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy. ♦ Methods: 42 subjects with ESRD were included in this study. The presence of halitosis was assessed using an organoleptic measurement and compared with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and salivary flow rates. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) were calculated. All measurements were done before and after patients had received 3 months of PD therapy. ♦ Results: Mean serum BUN level was found to be lower (46.05 ± 13.30 vs 91.24 ± 31.28 mg/dL), salivary flow rate higher (0.34 ± 0.07 vs 0.26 ± 0.04 mL/minute), and halitosis level lower (2.39 ± 0.60 vs 3.90 ± 0.37) at the end of 3 months of PD therapy than at the beginning of PD therapy. There was no significant difference in CPI or DMFT index before and after PD therapy (p > 0.05). There was statistically significant positive correlation between the presence of halitosis and BUN levels (r = 0.702, p = 0.001 before PD; r = 0.45, p = 0.002 after PD) and a negative correlation between the presence of halitosis and salivary flow rates (r = –0.69, p = 0.000 before PD; r = –0.37, p = 0.01 after PD). ♦ Conclusion: High BUN levels and low salivary flow rates were found to be associated with halitosis. PD may play an important role in decreasing the level of halitosis in ESRD patients.

Does a Predialysis Education Program Increase the Number of Pre-emptive Renal Transplantations?

OBJECTIVES Renal transplantation (RT) is the most appropriate form of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Pre-emptive RT decreases the rates of delayed graft function and acute rejection episodes, increasing patient and graft survival, while reducing costs and complications associated with dialysis. In this study, we investigated the relationship between a predialysis education program (PDEP) for patients and their relatives and pre-emptive RT. METHODS We divided 88 live donor kidney transplant recipients into 2 groups: transplantation without education (non-PDEP group; n = 27), and enrollment in an education program before RT (PDEP group n = 61). RESULTS Five patients in the non-PDEP group underwent pre-emptive transplantation, versus 26 of the PDEP group. The rate of pre-emptive transplantations was significantly higher among the educated (42.62%) versus the noneducated group (18.51%; P < .001). CONCLUSION PDEP increased the number of pre-emptive kidney transplantations among ESRD patients.

Assessment of Oral Health in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus

The incidence of chronic renal failure continues to rise worldwide, and although the oral and dental changes in individuals with this condition have been examined, investigations with diabetic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are limited. We therefore examined salivary pH, dry mouth, taste change, and mucosal ulceration in diabetic and nondiabetic uremic patients receiving PD. A total of 49 patients undergoing PD therapy were allocated to either the diabetic or the nondiabetic group. Salivary pH, dry mouth, taste change, and mucosal ulceration were determined for both groups. Salivary flow rate and pH were both lower in the diabetic group. Buffer capacity, dry mouth, taste change, and mucosal ulceration were all increased in that group. These findings were associated with level of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Our observations indicate that, compared with nondiabetic PD patients, patients with diabetes exhibit more severe oral uremic symptoms, including dry mouth, burning mouth syndrome, taste change, and mucosal ulcerations. The oral health in these patients should be followed.

Does decreased mean platelet volume predict inflammation in chronic renal failure, dialysis, and transplanted patients?

Abstract Objectives: Increased platelet activation contributes to cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease patients (CKD). Larger platelets are more active and this increased activity had been suggested as a predictive biomarker for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we aimed to evaluate mean platelet volume (MPV) as an inflammatory marker in a broadened group of CKD patients. Our study is unique in literature as it covers all types of CKD including renal replacement therapies. Materials and methods: 200 patients (50 renal transplanted, 50 hemodialysis, 50 peritoneal dialysis, 50 chronic renal failure stages 3–4) were investigated who were between 18 and 76 years of age. The collected data included demographic properties, platelet count, MPV, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hemoglobin. All of the patients had at least 12 month of therapy of either renal replacement modality. Results: The mean CRP value was detected statistically significantly higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients compared to the resting three groups of patients (p < 0.01). Mean CRP level was detected significantly higher in the pre-dialysis group compared to transplanted and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients (p < 0.01). There is no statistically significant difference detected among the mean MPV values of all patient groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: ESR and CRP were significantly increased in hemodialysis patients compared to the other groups. We did not detect a significant difference among MPV between the groups. ESR was detected lowest in transplanted patients. Transplantation is coming forward as the favorable choice of renal replacement therapy which decreases inflammation.

Evaluation of nitric oxide synthase activity, nitric oxide, and homocysteine levels in patients with active Behcet’s disease

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a chronic, progressive disorder that affects many systems of the body including the eye. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nitric oxide synthase activity (NOS), nitric oxide