Muzaffer Denli

Effects of dietary AflaDetox on performance, serum biochemistry, histopathological changes, and aflatoxin residues in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of AflaDetox (Adiveter, Agro-Reus, Reus, Tarragona, Spain) in counteracting the deleterious effects of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) in broiler chicks. A total of 120 Ross 308 one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to 8 treatments for 42 d. The experiment had a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments involving 0 and 1 mg of AFB(1)/kg feed and 0, 1, 2, and 5 g of AflaDetox/kg feed. Chicks were fed on the ground during the first 7 d and in cages (3 chicks/cage; 5 cages/treatment) from 7 to 42 d. Growth performance was measured from d 7 to 42 and whole-tract digestibility of gross energy and protein on d 40 to 41. Serum biochemical parameters, organ weights, histopathological examination of liver, and AFB(1) residues in liver and breast muscle tissues were determined on d 42. Aflatoxin B(1) significantly decreased the BW gain, feed intake, and impaired feed conversion rate (P < 0.05). The addition of AflaDetox in the contaminated diets significantly diminished the inhibitory effects of dietary AFB(1) (P < 0.05) on the growth performance with no differences compared to the control diet. Feeding AFB(1) alone decreased serum protein concentration, increased the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, and caused significant increases in the relative weights of livers. Treatment with AflaDetox significantly alleviated the negative effects of AFB(1) on these parameters (P < 0.05) with no effect on uncontaminated diets. Liver tissue of broilers receiving AFB(1) alone had perilobular inflammation and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes as compared with the tissue from the control group (P < 0.05). Residues of AFB(1) were detected in the liver tissues of broilers fed on the AFB(1) diet (0.166 microg/kg). Supplementation of AflaDetox reduced the incidence and severity of the hepatic histopathology changes associated with aflatoxicosis and the amount of AFB(1) residue in liver. In conclusion, our results showed that addition of AflaDetox may reduce the adverse effects produced by the presence of AFB(1) in broiler chickens diets.

Efficacy of a New Ochratoxin-Binding Agent (OcraTox) to Counteract the Deleterious Effects of Ochratoxin A in Laying Hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new ochratoxin-binding agent (Ocra-Tox, 5 g/kg of feed) in offsetting the toxic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA, 2 mg/kg of feed) in laying hen diets. Performance, serum biochemistry, OTA residue in the liver and eggs, and egg quality parameters were evaluated. Twenty-eight Hisex Brown laying hens, 47 wk of age, were allocated to 1 of 4 experimental treatments for 3 wk: control, OTA (containing 2 mg of OTA/kg of feed), OcraTox (containing 5 g of OcraTox/kg of feed), and OTA + OcraTox (containing 2 mg of OTA and 5 g of OcraTox/kg of feed). Laying hens fed OcraTox showed results similar to the control hens (P > 0.05). The OTA diet significantly (P < 0.05) reduced daily feed consumption, egg mass production, and serum triglyceride concentrations, and increased the relative liver weight, the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, and the serum concentration of uric acid as compared with the control diet. Addition of OcraTox to the contaminated diet alleviated (P < 0.05) the negative effects resulting from OTA, reaching values not significantly different from the control diet for most of the parameters except the relative weight of the liver. Birds fed the OTA treatment showed a greater content of OTA in the liver (15.1 microg/kg) than those fed the control diet (<0.05 microg/kg). Supplementing the contaminated diet with OcraTox (OTA + OcraTox) reduced the values to 12.0 microg/kg. Residues of OTA were not detected above our detection limit (0.05 microg/kg) in any of the analyzed eggs. In conclusion, our results indicated that addition of OcraTox can counteract the deleterious effects caused by OTA in laying hens.

Ochratoxins in Feed, a Risk for Animal and Human Health: Control Strategies

Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been shown to be a potent nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and teratogenic compound. In farm animals, the intake of feed contaminated with OTA affects animal health and productivity, and may result in the presence of OTA in the animal products. Strategies for the control of OTA in food products require early identification and elimination of contaminated commodities from the food chain. However, current analytical protocols may fail to identify contaminated products, especially in animal feed. The present paper discusses the impact of OTA on human and animal health, with special emphasis on the potential risks of OTA residue in animal products, and control strategies applied in the feed industry.

Effect of Dietary Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Extract Supplementation on Laying Performance and Egg Quality of Quail (Coturnix cotnurnix japonica)

Abstract Denli, M., Okan, F. and Uluocak, A.N. 2004. Effect of dietary black seed (Nigella sativa L.) extract supplementation on laying performance and egg quality of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 26: 73–76. To measure the influence of dietary black seed extracts on performance and egg quality characteristics in laying quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from 9–21 weeks of age, a total 45 layer quail (8 weeks, 226.3 g), were randomly distributed into three groups. The black seed extracts were supplemented at 0, 1 and 2glkgina standard layer diet and each of the three test diets was offered ad libitum to birds housed individually in laying cages from 9 to 21 weeks of age. The egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen height, albumen length and yolk height were higher in the group consuming 1 g/kg black seed extracts (P<0.05). However, there were no differences for live weight changes, feed intake, shape index, albumen weight, albumen width and yolk calibre among birds fed treatment diets (P<0.05). Use of 1 g/kg black seed extract is recommended for laying quails.

Evaluation of Dry Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Compounds in the Feed to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) Residues and Toxicity to Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Abstract Çelik, K., Denli, M., Ertürk, M., Öztürkcan, O. and Doran, F. 2001. Evaluation of dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) compounds in the feed to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) residues and toxicity to Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 20: 245–250. To study the effects of dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as adsorbent when given aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, ratio, pathological alterations and serum parameters, 200 Japanese quail chicks were divided into 4 groups in an experiment lasting 35 days, when the birds were slaughtered. The probiotic was given in group 1; 0.1 per cent with 100 μg AFB1 added daily in the concentrate feed; 2nd group was given 0.2 per cent probiotic with 100 μg AFB1, 3rd group 100 μg AFB, without adsorbent and 4th group served as control. The livers and spleens were, swollen, and congested in group 1 and 3. Serum GOT, GPT and ALK.P were elevated in group 3 compared with the probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) groups (P<0.01). No statistical differences were found between groups in serum AFP levels (P<0.01).

Efficacy of activated diatomaceous clay in reducing the toxicity of zearalenone in rats and piglets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an activated diatomaceous clay (ADC) in reducing the toxic effects of zearalenone (ZEA) in the diet of rats and piglets. In the rat experiment, 90 Sprague-Dawley female weanling rats with an initial BW of 45 ± 1.0 g were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments for 28 d in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (0 or 6 mg ZEA/kg feed and 0, 1, and 5 g ADC/kg feed). In the piglet experiment, 64 female piglets ([Large White × Landrace] × Pietrain with an initial BW of 14.9 ± 1.65 kg) were fed 1 of 8 experimental diets for 26 d in a CRD design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (0 or 0.8 mg ZEA/kg feed and 0, 1, 2, and 5 g ADC/kg feed). The ADFI, ADG, and G:F were determined at the end of each experiment. At the conclusion of studies, serum samples were collected and rats and piglets were euthanized to determine visceral organ weights. The diet contaminated with ZEA did not alter the growth of rats and the relative weight of liver and kidneys. However, ZEA increased ( < 0.05) the relative weight of uterus, ovaries, and spleen and decreased ( < 0.05) the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase compared to the control group. Supplementation of ADC in the rat diets counteracted ( < 0.05) the observed toxic effects of ZEA on the uterus and ovaries weight. The diet contaminated with ZEA (0.8 mg/kg feed) increased ( < 0.05) the weight of the uterus and ovaries in piglets but did not modify the serum biochemical variables or the relative weight of other visceral organs. The addition of 5 g ADC/kg to the contaminated feed reduced the toxic effects of ZEA on uterus and ovary weights to that of the control group. Zearalenone (10.5 μg/kg bile) and α-zearalenol (5.6 μg/kg bile) residues were detected in the bile of piglets fed the ZEA treatment. Supplementation of ADC to diets contaminated with ZEA reduced ( = 0.001) ZEA content in bile compared to the ZEA treatments. The results of these experiments indicate that a long-term consumption of ZEA-contaminated diets stimulated growth of the reproductive tract in rats and piglets and the presence of ZEA residue in bile in piglets. These effects may be counteracted by the addition of ADC to the diet.

Comparative Effects of Feeding Diets Containing Flavomycin, Bioteksin-L and Dry Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on Broiler Performance

Abstract Denli, M., Çelik, K. and Okan, F. 2003. Comparative effects of feeding diets containing flavomycin, bioteksin-L and dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on broiler performance. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 23: 139–144. A 6-week study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding diets containing commercial probiotic (Bioteksin-L, 2xlO8cfu/g), antibiotic (Flavomycin) and dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) performance, abdominal fat weight, carcass weight and carcass yield of broiler chicks. Four dietary treatments control, containing 0.15% commercial probiotic (bioteksin-L), 0.15% antibiotic (Flavomycin) or 0.3% dry yeast were randomly assigned to four groups of chicks. A significant increase in body weight gain, feed conversion rate and carcass weight of birds was observed in birds fed flavomycin and dry yeast at the end of S-wk period (P<0.05). Biyoteksin-L and Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation to diets tended to decrease, abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat percentage (P<0.5).

Effect of dietary zearalenone on the performance, reproduction tract and serum biochemistry in young rats

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to determine the toxic dose response of a chronic dietary Zearalenone (ZEA) in weaned young rats. Sixty, 21-day-old, Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly allocated to five groups of four replicate cages containing three rats. Rats were fed diets with increasing amounts of ZEA (0, 0.5, 0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Daily feed intake was reduced (P < .05) by feeding the ZEA diets with 0.9 and 3.6 mg ZEA/kg feed. Rats fed the diet containing 1.8 mg ZEA/kg increased (P < .05) the body weight gain (BWG) and reduced (P < .05) feed conversion rate (FCR) as compared to the control group. The two highest levels of dietary ZEA also increased (P < .05) the weight of the uterus. However, ovaries’ weight, timing of vaginal opening and the inter-oestrous interval were not affected by increasing the doses of dietary ZEA (P > .05). Similarly, serum concentrations of total protein, follicle-stimulating hormone and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate activities were not altered by the ZEA treatments. In conclusion, our results indicated that a chronic dietary consumption of ZEA at concentrations of 1.8 mg ZEA/kg increases the BWG and the uterus weight of weaning female rats.

Efficacy of AdiDetox™ in reducing the toxicity of fumonisin B1 in rats.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a new mycotoxin inactivator (AdiDetox™) in reducing the toxic effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the diet of rats. Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley growing rats (125 g ± 1 g BW) were assigned to eight dietary treatments for seven days. The experiment had a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with two levels of FB1 (0 mg and 15 mg of FB1/kg feed) and four levels of AdiDetox™ (0 g, 1 g, 2 g and 5 g /kg feed) in the diet. No significant differences were observed in the growth performance among treatments (P > 0.05), though low levels of sphingosine (So) and sphinganine (Sa) were detected in the liver. However, So and Sa and the Sa/So ratio in kidneys were higher in rats receiving the FB1 diets (P < 0.0001) than in those fed the Control diet. Supplementation of AdiDetox™ to the diet significantly reduced the toxic effects of FB1, leading to a significant decrease in the Sa content and in the Sa/So ratio in kidneys. In conclusion, the results suggest that AdiDetox™ can effectively reduce toxicity of FB1 in growing rats.

The Situation of Food Industry Based on Animal Production in Diyarbakır Province

Bu calisma Diyarbakir ili hayvansal gida (et, sut ve yumurta) isleme tesislerinin mevcut durumu, ham madde temini, uretim, kalite, teknik altyapi, kapasite kullanim durumu ve pazarlama kosullari ile kamu otoritesinden beklentileri ortaya koymak amaciyla yurutulmustur. Bu arastirma kapsaminda, Diyarbakir ‘da bulunan toplam 16 gida urunleri imalat ve isleme tesisi ziyaret edilerek, isletme sahipleri veya sorumlu yoneticileri ile yuz yuze gorusmeler gerceklestirilmistir. Toplam 34 sorudan olusan anket sorulari isletmelerdeki yetkililere yoneltilmis ve elde edilen veriler kayit altina alinarak degerlendirilmistir. Arastirmada; Diyarbakir’da hayvansal gidalarla ilgili tesislerden 8’inin sut ve sut urunleri isleme, 7’sinin yumurta paketleme tesisi ve birinin et ve et urunleri isleme tesisi oldugu saptanmistir. Bu mevcut tesislerde toplam 115 kisinin istihdam edildigi belirlenmistir. Tesislerin kapasite kullanim oranlari (KKO) yogurtta %16.6, ayranda %49.1, peynirde %11.7, tereyaginda %25 ve yumurta paketlemede %46.1 seviyesinde oldukca dusuk oldugu tespit edilmistir. Haksiz rekabet sorununun isletmelerin %85.7’si icin en onemli sorun oldugu, %14.3’u icin ise bunun ikinci sirada onem arz ettigi saptanmistir. Sonuc olarak, Diyarbakir’da hayvansal urun isleyen tesislerin dusuk kapasiteyle calistiklari ve frmalar arasi haksiz rekabetin, bu sonucun ortaya cikmasinda etkili oldugu belirlenmistir