My Hang V. Huynh

Green primary explosives: 5-Nitrotetrazolato-N2-ferrate hierarchies

The sensitive explosives used in initiating devices like primers and detonators are called primary explosives. Successful detonations of secondary explosives are accomplished by suitable sources of initiation energy that is transmitted directly from the primaries or through secondary explosive boosters. Reliable initiating mechanisms are available in numerous forms of primers and detonators depending upon the nature of the secondary explosives. The technology of initiation devices used for military and civilian purposes continues to expand owing to variations in initiating method, chemical composition, quantity, sensitivity, explosive performance, and other necessary built-in mechanisms. Although the most widely used primaries contain toxic lead azide and lead styphnate, mixtures of thermally unstable primaries, like diazodinitrophenol and tetracene, or poisonous agents, like antimony sulfide and barium nitrate, are also used. Novel environmentally friendly primary explosives are expanded here to include cat[FeII(NT)3(H2O)3], cat2[FeII(NT)4(H2O)2], cat3[FeII(NT)5(H2O)], and cat4[FeII(NT)6] with cat = cation and NT− = 5-nitrotetrazolato-N2. With available alkaline, alkaline earth, and organic cations as partners, four series of 5-nitrotetrazolato-N2-ferrate hierarchies have been prepared that provide a plethora of green primaries with diverse initiating sensitivity and explosive performance. They hold great promise for replacing not only toxic lead primaries but also thermally unstable primaries and poisonous agents. Strategies are also described for the systematic preparation of coordination complex green primaries based on appropriate selection of ligands, metals, and synthetic procedures. These strategies allow for maximum versatility in initiating sensitivity and explosive performance while retaining properties required for green primaries.

4,4′,6,6′-Tetra-Substituted Hydrazo- and Azo-1,3,5-Triazines

The syntheses of 4,4′,6,6′-tetra(amino)- (1), tetra(hydroxylamino)- (2), tetra(hydrazino)- (3), and tetra(azido)hydrazo-1,3,5-triazines (4) are described. Compound (4) was oxidized to 4,4′,6,6′-tetra(azido)azo-1,3,5-triazine (5). The thermal and sensitivity properties of (4) and (5) are reported in addition to all physical properties of new compounds

Preparation, Characterization, and Properties of 7-Nitrotetrazolo[1,5-f ]furazano[4,5-b]pyridine 1-Oxide

ABSTRACT The synthesis, characterization, and properties of 7-nitro-tetrazolo[1,5-f]furazano[4,5-b]pyridine 1-oxide (NFP) are reported. NFP is prepared by the diazotization of 3,6-di(hydrazino)-3,5-di(nitro)pyridine followed by the extrusion of molecular dinitrogen and ring closure.

Preparation and Explosive Properties of Tetraamminebis(3,5-Dinitro-1,2,4-Triazolato-N1)Copper(II)

ABSTRACT The synthesis of tetraamminebis(3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolato-N1)copper(II) is reported along with its physical and sensitivity properties as well as crystal structure. In addition, the detonation velocity and CJ pressure have been determined at 0.5 inch diameter.

Synthesis, characterization and redox properties of mixed phosphine nitroruthenium(II) complexes. crystal structure of trans-[Ru(NO2)(terpy)-(PMe3)(PPh3)][ClO4]·H2O

The mixed phosphine complexes trans-[Ru(NO2)(terpy)(PMe3)(PR3)][ClO4](terpy = 2,2′ : 6′,2″-terpyridine; R = Et, Pr, Bz or Ph) were synthesized in high yields by a stepwise addition of each phosphine. These syntheses demonstrate the utility of ruthenium(II) in the preparation of mixed phosphine complexes. The stereochemistry of trans-[Ru(NO2)(terpy)(PMe3)(PPh3)][ClO4]·H2O was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. This species crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a= 11.0199(15), b= 18.3888(28), c= 19.3089(25)A, β= 112.845(9)° and Z= 4. The two phosphine ligands are mutually trans, with P–Ru–P 177.5(1)°. The relative redox stabilities of the mixed phosphine complexes and a related series of trans-[Ru(NO2)(terpy)(PR3)2][ClO4](R = Et, Pr, Bz or Ph) complexes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetric peak current ratios (ipc/ipa) for the ruthenium(III)–ruthenium(II) couples. The rate constants for nitroruthenium(III) decomposition were calculated from the ipc/ipa data and the contributions of electronic (E) and steric (S) factors to its rate of decomposition were determined using the relationship ln k=aE+bS+c. The average ratio of steric to electronic ligand effects on ln k is approximately 30 : 70.

Energetic Decomposition of High-Nitrogen Metal Complexes and the Formation of Low-Density Nano-Structured Metal Monoliths

Metal complexes of the energetic high-nitrogen ligand, bistetrazole amine (BTA) were ignited in inert environments and their decomposition characteristics were determined. These molecules were found to have the unique properties of a comparatively slow burning rate with very little pressure dependency, unlike most energetic, metal-containing molecules which tend to detonate, rather than burn steadily. This process resulted in unprecedented ultra-low-density, nano-structured, transition metal monoliths, useful as a self-propagating combustion synthesis technique. The resulting nanostructured metal monolithic foams formed in the post flame-front dynamic assembly have remarkably low densities down to 0.011 g cm -3 and extremely high surface areas as high as 270 m 2 g -1 . In this work we discuss primary the production of iron monoliths, however have produced monolithic nano-porous metal foams via this method with cobalt, copper and silver metals as well. We expect to be able to apply this to many other metals and to be able to tailor the resulting structure significantly.