Myung O. Lee

REVERSAL BY ACUPUNCTURE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DEPRESSION INDUCED WITH MORPHINE DURING HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS

The cardiovascular effects of morphine sulphate and/or acupuncture by means of electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) were studied in 35 dogs. All animals were maintained under anaesthesia with halothane 0.75 per cent supplemented by the intravenous administration of succinylcholine to allow controlled ventilation during a two hour period of monitoring. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, [H+] (pH) PaC02, Pa02 and base deficit were measured in each dog.Morphine 0.5 mg ·kg-1, administered alone as a single bolus, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and significantly increased stroke volume and pulse pressure in dogs under halothane anaesthesia. Acupuncture by electrocautery alone induced a significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure with a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following halothane. Acupuncture at Jen Chung (Go-26) for 10 minutes following the intravenous administration of morphine caused a significant increase in cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure with a significant decrease in central venous pressure and total peripheral resistance during halothane anaesthesia.The depressant effect of morphine on cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure in dogs under halothane anaesthesia appears to be reversed by acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26). Stimulation of this acupuncture locus could be helpful in resuscitating patients whose cardiovascular system is depressed by morphine and/or halothane anaes-thesia.Ré SUMéLes effets cardiovascutaires du sulfate de morphine et, ou de l’acupuncture é lectrique au point de Jen Chung (Go-26, point situé entre la lèvre supérieure et la base du nez) ont fait l’objet de cette é tude effectué e chez le chien. A cet effet, 35 chiens ont é té anesthé sié s à l’halothane à une concentration de 0.75 pour cent et maintenus sous perfusion de succinylcholine et en respiration contrôlé e durant les deux heures de la procé dure. Les paramètres mesuré s é taient le débit et la fré quence cardiaque, le volume d’é jection, la pression arté rielle moyenne et la pression diffé rentielle, la pression veineuse centrale et la ré sistance pé riphé rique ainsi que la [H+] (pH), la Paco2 la Pao2 et le “base excess”. La morphine, seule, administré e en bolus intraveneuse à la dose de 0.5 mg·kg-1 produisait une diminution significative (p < .05) du dé bit cardiaque, de la fré quence cardiaque et de la pression arté rielle moyenne et une augmentation significative du volume d’é jection et de la ré sistance pé riphé rique totale de chiens anesthé sié s à l’halothane. L’acupuncture é lectrique, seule, administré e durant dix minutes amenait une augmentation significative du dé bit cardiaque, du volume d’é jection, de la fré quence cardiaque, de la pression arté rielle moyenne et de la pression diffé rentielle avec une diminution significative de la ré sistance pé riphé rique totale. L’acupuncture é lectrique administré e durant dix minutes au point de Jen Chung après l’administration intraveineuse de sulfate de morphine causait une augmentation significative du dé bit et de la fré quence cardiaque, et de la pression arté rielle moyenne, avec une diminution significative de la pression veineuse centrale et de la ré sistance pé riphé rique chez les chiens anesthé sié s à l’halothane.Les effets dé presseurs produits par la morphine sur le dé bit cardiaque, la fré quence cardiaque et la pression arté rielle moyenne de chiens anesthé sié s à l’halothane semblent donc renversé s par l’administration d’acupuncture é lectrique au point de Jen Chung (Go-26). La stimulation de ce point d’acupuncture pourrait être utile dans la ré animation de malades au système cardiovasculaire dé primé par la morphine ou une anesthé sie à l’halothane.

Cardiovascular Effects of Moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) during Halothane Anesthesia in Dogs

The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) in 10 dogs under halothane anesthesia were compared to 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia without moxibustion and 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia in which moxibustion was effected at a neutral or non-acupuncture site. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two-hour period. A significant increase in cardiac output and stroke volume and a significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance were observed in the group which was stimulated by moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26). Heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were significantly increased during the early part of the two-hour period in the same group. The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) which were observed at the end of two hours were also present in two dogs in which measurements were continued for two additional hours.

Cardiovascular effects of acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) in dogs

The use of acupuncture to produce anesthesia and treat various conditions in man has received increasing attention in the Orient and other countries during the previous ten years [9]; however, the literature on this subject consists primarily of case reports, descriptions of methods and general information [37-40, 48, 491. The effects of acupuncture in man have not been precisely measured, but some investigational studies have been made in animals [35-37,411. Tsu San. Li (St-36) is an important acupuncture locus which is used to produce abdominal anesthesia and to treat gastrointestinal diseases [36, 391. It has been observed that acupuncture at Tsu San Li decreases the blood pressure in man [47], while a fall in carotid blood pressure and a decrease in the velocity of erythrocytes through the mesenteric vessels have been reported in anesthetized rats after acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36), [36]. Peristalsis of the intestines was increased after acupuncture at Tsu San Li in rabbits [37]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) on cardiovascular function in dogs under light halothane (MAC-I) anesthesia.

Inhibition of the cardiovascular effects of acupuncture (moxibustion) by propranolol in dogs during halothane anaesthesia

SummaryAcupuncture by electrocautery, moxibustion, at Jen Chung (Go-26) acupoint produces a sympathomimetic effect on the cardiovascular system of dogs under halothane anaesthesia ( MAC I ). This effect is manifest by significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure while total peripheral resistance is significantly decreased during a two-hour period of observation. Pretreatment with the beta blocker, propranolol, caused a significant decrease in cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure while total peripheral resistance is significantly increased. Similar responses were observed when propranolol was administered without moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26).RésuméL’acupuncture du point Jen Chung ( Go–26 ) soit par aiguille avec rotation, ou de façon plus efficace par moxibustion par électro-cautère, modifie les paramètres cardio-vasculaires chez des chiens anesthésiés à l’halothane. On a administré du propranolol (0,5 mg/kg) à ces animaux avant la moxibustion afin de déterminer si les effets sympathicomimétiques manifestes de l’acupuncture pouvaient être inhibés. On a étudié chez ces chiens sous une anesthésie à l’halothane à MAC 1 le d#x00E9;bit cardiaque, le volume d’éjection, la fréquence cardiaque, la pression artérielle moyenne, la pression artérielle différentielle, la pression veineuse centrale, les résistances périphériques totales, le pH, la Paco2 la Po2 et le déficit-base.Les chiens furent groupés comme suit: groupe I: anesthésie seule groupe II: propranolol seul groupe III: acupuncture, moxibustion par électro-cautère à un point neutre groupe IV: acupuncture, moxibustion par electro-cautère au point Jen Chung (Go-26) groupe V: propranolol puis acupuncture, moxibustion par électro-cautère du point Jen Chung ( Go-26)Le débit cardiaque, le volume d’éjection, la fréquence cardiaque, la PA moyenne et PA différentielle furent augmentés de façon significative tandis que les résistances vasculaires périphériques étaient significativement diminuées, pendant la période d’observation de 120 minutes suivant la moxibustion du point Jen Chung (Go-26) chez les chiens anesthésiés à l’halothane.Après l’administration préalable de propranolol, le débit cardiaque, la fréquence cardiaque, la PA moyenne et la PA différentielle furent diminués de façon significative durant les deux heures qui suivirent la moxibustion. Cette étude montre que la moxibustion par électro-cautère du point Jen Chung (Go-26) entraîne des modifications cardiovasculaires par stimulation du système nerveux sympathique et que ces effets peuvent être inhibés chez les chiens anesthésiés à l’halothane par un blocage β adrénergique préalable par le propranolol.

Can an extract of deer antlers alter cardiovascular dynamics

Ten (10) dogs were maintained under 0.75% halothane anesthesia while 11 cardiovascular parameters were studied before and following intravenous administration of an extract prepared from deer antlers. The eleven variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base line deficit were studied. Stroke volume was consistently elevated during the period of observation and significantly elevated at two time intervals. Other values were not altered significantly. Extract from deer antlers does not appear to have a great acute effect on the cardiovascular system of this animal model.

Inhibition of the Cardiovascular Effects of Acupuncture (Moxibustion) by Phenotolamine in Dogs During Halothane Anesthesia

The cardiovascular effects of acupuncture, moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) and phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were compared to phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) prior to moxibustion at Go-26 in groups of ten dogs under 0.75 percent halothane anesthesia. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance were observed following acupuncture, moxibustion with electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) in dogs under halothane anesthesia. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with the alpha blocking agent, phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.). The cardiovascular effects of phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were similar to those of dogs in which phentolamine was administered prior to moxibustion.

Modification of Cardiovascular Function in Dogs Acupuncture: A Review

Acupuncture at Jen Chung (Go-26) in dogs under halothane anesthesia produces sympathomimetic-like effects on the cardiovascular system. This response can be inhibited by pretreatment with propranolol and to a lesser extent with phentolamine. Severe hypotension and cardiac arrest produced by hypoxia in dogs under halothane anesthesia can be reversed by acupuncture at Jen Ying (St-9). This also was interpreted as a sympathomimetic-like effect. Acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) results in a parasympathomimetic-like effect on the cardiovascular system which can be inhibited by atropine. A parasympatholytic-like effect resembling that produced by atropine can be obtained in dogs with sinus arrhythmia and pulsus alternans by acupuncture at Yang Hsi (LI-5).

Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and acupuncture on the cardiovascular system of dogs.

The intravenous administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (100 mg/kg) resulted in a significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure, and a significant decrease in heart rate. Acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) produced a significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure and a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance in dogs under 0.75% halothane anesthesia. Both DMSO and acupuncture elicit an analgesic effect and enhance cardiovascular function as exemplified by an increase in the cardiac output.

Comparison of Sodium Salicylate, Morhine Sulfate, and Acupuncture at Jen-Chung (Go-26) on the Cardiovascular System of Dogs

The cardiovascular effects of the administration of sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg), the administration of morphine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg) and acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26) were compared in groups of dogs under 0.75% halothane anesthesia. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), central venous pressure (CVP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase in CO, SV, PP, and CVP in addition to a significant decrease in TPR were observed following the administration of sodium salicylate. Morphine sulfate decreased the CO, HR, and MAP significantly while the SV and PP were significantly increased. Acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26) produced a significant increase in CO, SV, HR, MAP, and PP and a significant decrease in TPR. This model was satisfactory in comparing cardiovascular changes evoked by a mild analgesic, sodium salicylate, a potent opiate, morphine sulfate, and acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26).

Effects of the Second (Ethanol) Extract of Ginseng on the Cardiovascular Dynamics of Dogs During Halothane Anesthesia

An electromagnetic flowmeter probe was chronically implanted around the ascending aorta in ten dogs. Subsequently, these animals were maintained under halothane (0.75%) anesthesia during the intravenous administration of an ether extract (40 mg/kg) of ginseng. Five other dogs were anesthetized without injecting ginseng. Eleven cardiovascular variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were compared during the ensuing 120 minutes. The heart rate was significantly decreased and central venous pressure increased significantly following ginseng. There were no other meaningful changes in either group.