N. A. Kozub

Variation at storage protein loci in winter common wheat cultivars of the central forest-steppe of Ukraine

Genotypes at the gliadin loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1 and the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1 were identified in 77 winter common wheat cultivars developed in the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine in different periods of time. The highest level of variation was observed at the Gli-A1 locus. Predominant alleles (one or two per locus) were revealed. The comparison of allele frequencies in groups of cultivars developed in different periods of time (before 1996 and in 1996–2007) has demonstrated appearance of new alleles and change of frequencies of existing alleles at the storage protein loci. The high frequency of cultivars with the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocation was detected (about 40%). The wheat rye 1AL/1RS translocation was identified in six cultivars developed in the last decade. Four gliadin alleles, Gli-A1w (a marker for the 1AL/1RS translocation), Gli-A1x, Gli-A1y and Gli-B1x, were proposed for cataloging.

Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci in Aegilops biuncialis Vis.

Alleles at the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-U1 and Glu-Mb1 were analyzed in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUMbMb). The material for the investigation included the collection of 39 accessions of Ae. biuncialis from Ukraine (the Crimea), one Hellenic accession, one accession of unknown origin, F2 seeds from different crosses, as well as samples from natural populations from the Crimea. Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa accessions were used to allocate components of the HMW glutenin subunit patterns of Ae. biuncialis to U or Mb genomes. Eight alleles were identified at the Glu-U1 locus and ten alleles were revealed at the Glu-Mb1 locus. Among alleles at the Glu-Mb1 locus of Ae. biuncialis there were two alleles controlling the y-type subunit only and one allele encoding the x-subunit only.

Identification of the allelic state of the Lr34 leaf rust resistance gene in soft winter wheat cultivars developed in Ukraine

The distribution of alleles at the Lr34 locus associated with leaf rust resistance has been studied in soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars developed in Ukraine. To determine the allelic state of the Lr34 locus, codominant molecular marker cssfr5 has been used. Cultivars with the revealed Lr34(+) and Lr34(−) alleles have been identified as potentially resistant or susceptible, respectively. A collection of 81 cultivars from the main breeding centers of Ukraine has been examined; the Lr34(+) allele has been revealed in 44% of the tested cultivars. The obtained results have been compared with general data on the leaf rust resistance of wheat cultivars from different countries.

Effect of an introgression from Aegilops cylindrica host on manifestation of productivity traits in winter common wheat F2 plants

The effect of introgression of a chromosome 1D segment from Aegilops cylindrica to winter common wheat on productivity traits in F2 plants was studied using storage protein loci as genetic markers. An allele of the gliadin-coding Gli-D1 locus served as a marker of the introgression. Using of two- and three-locus interaction models, it was shown that the introgression tagged with Gli-D1 affected the manifestation of productivity traits (productive tillering, grain weight per plant and grain number per plant) through interaction with other marker storage protein loci: Glu-B1, Glu-D1, and Gli-B2.

Diversity of Ukrainian winter common wheat varieties with respect to storage protein loci and molecular markers for disease resistance genes

Diversity of Ukrainian winter common wheat varieties was studied with respect to the storage protein loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, and Gli-A6 (362 varieties) and markers for the Lr34/Yr18/Pm38/Sr57/Bdv1 gene conferring moderate resistance to a number of biotrophic pathogens, the Tsn1 gene for sensitivity to the toxins A of the necrotrophic fungi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Stagonospora nodorum, the Tsc2 gene for sensitivity to the toxin B of P. tritici-repentis, and the TDF_076_2D gene for moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (181 varieties). Significant differences in frequencies of alleles at these marker loci between groups of varieties developed in different soil and climatic zones were revealed. The retention of a set of predominant alleles in groups of varieties of a certain zone in different periods of breeding was confirmed. At the same time, the appearance of new allele associations in the groups of varieties of the Steppe (in particular Gli-A1g and Glu-B1al) and the Central Forest-Steppe (1AL/1RS and Glu-B1d) in the last two decades has been noted. Nonrandom associations between alleles of disease resistance genes as well as alleles of disease resistance genes and storage protein alleles were revealed.

Identification of alleles at the gliadin loci Gli-U1 and Gli-Mb1 in Aegilops biuncialis Vis.

The diversity of alleles at the gliadin loci Gli-U1 and Gli-Mb1 was studied in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUMbMb). The collection of 41 Ae. biuncialis accessions and F2 seeds obtained from five crosses served as the material used in this study. Gliadins were separated by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. To determine genomic affiliation (U or Mb) of components of Ae. biuncialis gliadin pattern, accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa were analyzed. In Ae. biuncialis accessions, 14 alleles were identified at the locus Gli-U1 and 12 alleles, at the locus Gli-Mb1. The results testify to a high degree of allele diversity at major gliadin-coding loci of homeologous group 1 chromosomes of Ae. biuncialis.

Genetic marking of glume color in Triticum spelta L. var. caeruleum using gliadins

Using gliadins as genetic markers, Triticum spelta L. var. caeruleum accessions were analyzed to identify genetic control of the dark color of glumes. The research material was F2 and BC1 plants from crosses between spelt accessions and white-glumed common wheat varieties. The segregation for glume color fitted the monogenic control of the trait. The electrophoretic analysis of gliadins in grains from the hybrid plants has shown that the Gli-Alj* allele in the T. spelta var. caeruleum accessions is linked to the allele for the dark (black) color of glumes at the Rg-A1 locus.

Mapping a new secalin locus on the rye 1RS arm

A gene designated a Sec-N encoding a secalin was mapped in the introgressive winter common wheat line Hostianum 273/97 (H273) with the wheat-rye (1B)1R substitution from the octoploid triticale AD825. F2 seeds from crossing the line H273 with the line Hostianum 242/97-2 carrying the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocation were analyzed. The studied component on the SDS-electrophoregram of total proteins was revealed to be a monomeric secalin, which is encoded by the gene at the new locus Sec-N located distally with respect to the Sec-1 locus at a distance of 21.4 ± 2.5% (22.9 ± 3.1 cM). The arrangement of the secalin loci on the 1RS arm indicates that the Sec-N locus is to be homoeologous to the Gli-1 loci of common wheat.

Study of the effects produced by gamma-irradiation of common wheat F1 seeds using gliadins as genetic markers

A study of the effects produced by gamma-irradiation of dry F1 seeds of common wheat at 200 Gy is described in the work. The experimental material was hybrids produced from near-isogenic lines based on Bezostaya 1. Irradiation led to a significant decrease in the productivity traits of F1 plants but did not affect the survival of plants under the given growth conditions. It has been found that one of the effects of the F1 seed irradiation was a relative, compared to the control, increase in the frequency of male gametes with the 1BL/1RS translocation that participated in the production of F2 grains. The irradiation induced mutations at gliadin loci with a frequency of 7.4% (against 0.5% in the control).

Dependence of out-crossing indices on genotypic features in common wheat

The out-crossing indices (out-crossing rate, rate of plants on which out-crossing had occurred, and out-crossing intensity) in F2 plants of soft winter wheat derived from the reciprocal crossing B-16 × Odesskaya Krasnokolosaya are analyzed using storage proteins as genetic markers. The out-crossing index is substantially dependent on the growing conditions. The out-crossing rate in a reciprocal population amounted to 0.35% (Odessa, 2000) and 5.11% (Kiev, 2004). The greatest out-crossing indices are observed in homozygotes for the presence of the rye 1BL/1RS translocation. The value of the out-crossing index in heterozygotes for the presence of this translocation is intermediate. Differences in the out-crossing index between plant populations derived from direct and reciprocal crossings are found. The multidirectionality of these differences with respect to out-crossing rate and the percentage of plants with out-crossing, on the one hand, and the out-crossing intensity, on the other hand, is noted.