N.K. Gangwar

Pathology of sub-chronic cadmium and chlorpyrifos toxicity in broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of cadmium and chlorpyrifos and their interaction on liver and kidney of broiler chicken. Twenty four birds were divided into four groups. Group-I was kept as control. Group-II, III and IV birds were administered with cadmium (50 mg/L in drinking water), chlorpyrifos (4 mg/kg body weight orally) and cadmium (50 mg/L in drinking water) + chlorpyrifos (4 mg/kg body weight orally), respectively and observed for 45 days. Blood samples were collected on day 15, 30 and 45 for biochemical parameters, which showed significant (P<0.01) increase in ALT, AST, ALP and creatinine. Significant (P<0.05) increase in the glucose, urea, uric acid and significant (P<0.05) decrease in total protein, albuminand globulin were observed. Histopathologically, liver revealed necrosis of hepatocytes, haemorrhages, infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells. Kidneys showed cortical tubular degeneration and desquamation, glomerular atrophy and hyalinization. Histopathological andbiochemical changes were more marked in group IV birds, which indicated the synergistic effects of these environmental toxicantsin producing pronounced hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic alterations.

Multicentric lymphoma in a Saint Bernard dog

The Saint Bernard dog aged 9 years was presented with a history of anorexia. On clinical examination, most of the superficial lymph nodes were enlarged. The lymph nodes were soft and painless on digital palpation. The dog was suspected and treated for lymphoma. During the treatment the dog died and was necropsied. On necropsy, the lymph nodes were grossly enlarged 2–5 times, freely movable, firm, bulge oncut surface and with no cortical-medullary demarcation. There was splenomegaly with diffuse enlargement and multiple, pale foci of variable size disseminated in the parenchyma. The mesenteric lymphnodes were also enlarged and showed similar pathological changes as other superficial lymph nodes. Microscopically, lymph nodes showed densely proliferative lymphocytes of variable shape and size, predominantly comprising of lymphoblasts with increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromic nuclei and mitotic figures. The above findings were suggestive of lymphoma of multicentric origin.

Cytological, microbiological and molecular evaluation of synovial fluid in natural cases of arthritis in Indian goats

In present study, cytological, microbiological and molecular evaluation of synovial fluid in arthritis cases of goats from organized and unorganized farms were carried out. A total of 360 goats were clinically examined for the presence of arthritis belonging to rural as well as organized herds and slaughter house. Synovial fluid was aseptically collected from 20 clinical arthritis cases (12 kids and 8 adults) under aseptic conditions. The samples were either pale yellow or amber opaque (55%; 11/20), blood tinged in colour (25%; 5/20) to normal, clear and colourless (20%; 4/20). The volume of synovial fluid increased significantly in arthritic cases with mean value of 5±2ml as against the normal 0.94± 0.26ml in carpal joints, 7–8 ml in stifle and hock joints as against the normal 1–1.5ml of these samples, 20% (4/20) were classified as limpid, 25% (5/20) semi turbid and 55% (11/20) turbid. Relative viscosity of synovial fluid decreased significantly in arthritis cases 45% (9/20) compared to normal 55% (11/20). Regarding the cytological analysis the mean global nucleated cell count was high ranging from 300±50 to 619±50 cells per μlas against the normal 48.02±24.47 cells/μl. The differential count revealed significant increase in neutrophils in 40% (8/20) cases and predominance of lymphocytes and monocytes in 60% (12/20) cases. Bacteriological examination of synovial fluid from infectious arthritis cases (57.14%; 8/14) revealed presence of Staphylococcus spp. including S. aureus as a cause of septicaemic arthritis in kids, which was confirmed by biochemical and molecular tests.

Pathologic effect of sub-chronic exposure of cypermethrin and sodium fluoride in Wistar rats

Environmental toxicity due to pesticides, metals and non metals is producing havoc to public health. Toxic effects of sub chronic exposure of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroidandsodium fluoride, the most electronegative non-metalwas studied in Wistar rats, with respect to oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in liver. Rats were divided into four groups of six each: group I was used as control. Group II, III and IV were orally treated with cypermethrin (25 mg/kg body weight), Sodium fluoride (8mg/kgbody weight) and cypermethrin plus sodium fluoride, respectively for 45 days. Cypermethrin and sodium fluoride in combination (group IV) produced a marked decrease in haematological parameters including haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH, TLC and lymphocytes as well as significant increase in neutrophils compared to other grioups. Biochemical estimation showed significant increase in enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), glucose and urea, and significant decrease in total protein and albumin in rats with combined toxicity. The mean values of SOD, GSH and catalase revealed significant decrease while there was significant increase in LPO in liver homogenate in toxicity groups. Grossly, liver was pale with occasional presence of pinpoint haemorrhages and mottling on the dorsal surface. Microscopically, liver revealed congested and distended sinusoids with hyperplasia of Kupffer cells, sub-acute hepatitis characterized by area of necrosis of hepatocytes along with infiltration of mononuclear cells and degenerative changes. These changes were more marked in combined toxicity group.

Patho-morphological studies on spontaneous joint affections of goats in northern and central region of India

A total 1200 goats were clinically examined for the presence of encephalitis, arthritis, and other joint affections during the course of study belonging to rural as well as organized herds and slaughter house. A total of 112 joints were collected to study the pathology of spontaneous joint affections in the Indian goats. O these, 36 cases revealedjoint affections and subjected to pathological studies. The involvement of the joints of fore limb was more (58.82%) than those of hind limb (41.17%). Based on Histopathological examination, osteoarthritis was the most common joint affection 61.11% (22/36), followed by infectious arthritis 30.55% (11/36), with osteochondrosis 8.33% (3/36) being the least common joint affection in goats. Osteoarthritis was histologically characterized byfibrillation 19.44% (7/36), loss of proteoglycan 25% (9/36), degradation of articular cartilage 13.88% (5/36), disappearance of chondrocytes and exposure of subchondral bone 5.55% (2/36). There was complete loss of articular cartilage in some cases of osteoarthritis 19.44% (7/36) and the defect was completely replaced by fibrous tissue and fibro-cartilage along with pannus formation. Among the arthritic cases histological lesions were capsule necrosis along with mild infiltration with plasma cells, mixed lymphocytes, activated macrophages and fibroblasts at different development stages along with disorganization of connective tissue fibres 16.66% (6/36), moderate infiltration with fibrosis 8.33% (3/36). On the basis of our study it may be concluded that osteoarthritis was most common joint affection followed by infectious arthritis and osteochondrosis was least common in Indian goats.

A case of composite neoplasm of ovary in a goat having histological features of thecoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma

A carcass of eight year old female goat of non-descript breed was brought for post-mortem examination. The animal died with a history of weakness and emaciation. On necropsy, the pelvic cavity revealed presence of a large ovarian growth weighing about 1.5 kg with presence of hemorrhagic and necrotic foci on the surfaces. Lungs, pericardium, pleural cavity showed the presence of many small clusters/bunches of white nodules. Histopathological examination of the ovarian parenchyma showed proliferation of cuboidal epithelial cells with numerous mitotic figures. The solid sheets of neoplastic cells in fibro-vascular stroma with several concentric layers of calcified tissue (psamoma bodies) were evident in the ovarian parenchyma. The regional lymph nodes also revealed metastatic adenocarcinomatous lesions replacing the lymphoid tissuewith proliferating cuboidal neoplastic epithelial cells. Patho-morphological diagnosis was done based on the features of metastasis, extensive proliferation and mitotic figures asthecoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma of ovary which is very rare findings in domestic animals.