N. N. Nemova

Proteases of the calpain family: Structure and functions

Results of studies presented in recent papers and personal data related to investigation of structure, classification, phylogeny of calcium-dependent peptidases or calpains have been analyzed. The most extensively studied functions of calpains in cell activity have been examined. Some not yet resolved questions concerned with the biological role of a great number of proteins of the calpain family have been defined.

Lipid status and feeding habits of salmonid juveniles in the year preceding seaward migration as factors controlling their future smoltification

Juveniles of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walb.) and mykiss Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum) of the same age (1+) become differentiated as early as eight months before smoltification and seaward migration by their lipid level, feeding habits, and size and weight parameters. It is found that juveniles of coho salmon and mykiss with a high lipid status have a greater (on average) length and weight and consume more calorific food items. The juveniles with a lower lipid status have a lower length and weight and consume less calorific organisms. It is presumed that a considerable part of juveniles with a high lipid status will migrate seaward next year. The role of the trophic factor in development of this differentiation and, accordingly, in determination of smoltification dates is discussed.

Dynamics of lipid content during early development of freshwater salmon Salmo salar L.

Dynamics of lipid and phospholipid content was studied during early development of freshwater salmon Salmo salar L. from blastodisc formation (3 h) to hatching (108 days) as well as in eggs before fertilization. High and stable content of total lipids including structural phospholipids as well as relatively high content of triglycerides and its slight increase at the time of hatching have been demonstrated, which can indicate their utilization as the main energy source after hatching under conditions of deficient food and low fry activity for some time. Accumulation of a certain level of lipids in eggs before spawning is required for embryonic development and high survival after hatching. The significance of increasing and decreasing levels of structural lipids modulating membrane enzyme activities in metabolic changes before hatching is discussed.

Age Dynamics of Lipid Status of Juveniles of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the Varzuga River

Heterogeneity of zero class (0+) of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar from the compared biotopes of the Varzuga R. (the Kola Peninsula) is revealed by the content of TAG, PL, 18:2n-6,18:3n-3, the sum of monoenoic FA, and parameters of CS/PL and TAG/PL retained in elder age groups of parr (1+ and 2+). It depends on the quality of food resources and hydrological conditions. The increase in the level of PS, one of the principal regulators of activity of Na+/K+-ATPase—a key enzyme of osmoregulation—in parrs 1+ and, to a greater extent, in smolts is supposed to be the formation of one of the biochemical mechanisms of preadaptation of fish to a marine environment. Salmon juveniles 3+ differ from the fish of junior age groups in a higher content of PUFA (20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3), a considerable decrease in TAG, in parameter TAG/PL, and the sum of monoenoic FA related to smoltification and preparation for life in a marine environment. Multidirectional variations of concentrations of minor phospholipids (PI, LPC, SPM) in salmon juveniles depending on age and habitat may indicate the change in viscosity of biomembranes and, accordingly, of activity of some enzymes bound with membranes.

The effect of environmental conditions on the dynamics of fatty acids in juveniles of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The dynamics of fatty acid composition have been studied in differently aged salmon juveniles (0+, 1+, 2+ parrs and 3+ smolts) inhabiting two biotopes of the Varzuga River (the White Sea basin) differing in ecological conditions. Differences in the levels of linoleic (18:2n-6), linolenic (18:3n-3), and oleic (18:1n-9) acids have been revealed. It has also been shown that 3+ smolts have an increased content of long-chain fatty acids—arachidonic (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3)—characteristic of the composition of marine-type lipids.

Modifications of gill lipid composition in littoral and cultured blue mussels Mytilus edulis L. under the influence of ambient salinity

Changes of the lipid composition (mainly of membrane lipids) in gills in response to various seawater salinities were studied in two groups of mussels Mytilus edulis L. from the White Sea, living under different environmental conditions (intertidal zone and artificial substrates used in aquaculture). Modifications in the lipid composition involved the basic indices characteristic of the physical state of biological membranes, and minor components of the lipid bilayer, which perform regulatory functions, indicating that the lipid metabolism of the bivalves has undergone acclimation transformations in response to salinity. It is demonstrated that the response to critical salinity (5 ppt) in membrane lipids was similar in the two investigated groups of mussels, whereas with salinities of 15, 35, and 45 ppt the pattern of fluctuations in the lipid composition depended on the initial habitat (intertidal zone or aquaculture).

Lipid Status of the Two High Latitude Fish Species, Leptoclinus maculatus and Lumpenus fabricii

A comparative study of the lipid status (i.e., the total lipid and phospholipid concentrations and the percentage of fatty acids of the total lipids) of adult specimens of daubed shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus) from Svalbard waters (Isfjord) and slender eel blenny (Lumpenus fabricii) from the White Sea (Onega Bay and Tersky shore) was performed to study the metabolism and functions of lipids of these fishes in ontogeny and under various ecological conditions. Slender eel blenny from both areas of the White Sea were distinguished by a high level of sphingomyelin compared with the daubed shanny from Svalbard, and the amount of total phospholipids was higher in slender eel blenny from Onega Bay than in slender eel blenny from the Tersky shore. The extent of saturation and the signature of polyenic fatty acids varied according to the specific species of the Stichaeidae family under study. These results demonstrate the differences in the trophoecological and hydrobiological conditions of habitations of these species and highlighted the importance of considering certain trends in the lipid profiles of these fishes as specific features of the organization of the ecological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation.

Parameters of energy metabolism in juveniles of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar living in the mainstream and in the tributary of the Varzuga River (the Kola Peninsula)

In juveniles of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar of two age groups (0+ and 1+) living in the mainstream and in the tributary of the subarctic Varzuga River, the activity of some enzymes was determined (cytochrome c oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase), reflecting the intensity of the direction of principal pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and of synthesis of ATP. The effect of environmental conditions on growth and development of different age groups is different. Underyearlings (0+) living in the tributary are characterized by an advanced locomotor performance and growth rate. They possess a higher level of aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism and assimilation of carbohydrates for synthesis of structural and stock compounds in comparison with yearlings living in the mainstream. No significant differences are found between two-summer-old fish (1+) from different habitats in parameters of energy metabolism. This demonstrates that the living conditions for them in the tributary are not so favorable as from underyearlings. The food items in the tributary are small and numerous, i.e., are more available for salmon underyearlings. Parrs 1+ feed on large invertebrates and feeding in the mainstream is preferable. The differences in parameters of energy metabolism of juvenile salmon manifesting themselves in the first year of life make the basis for the fact that the subsequent smoltification of parrs and migration for feeding occur at different ages—2+, 3+, or 4+. This contributes to the formation of the complex age structure of the Varzuga stock of salmon.

Proteinases of the calpain family in water invertebrates and fishes

Activity of Ca2+-dependent proteinases, or calpains (EC 3.4.22.17), was estimated in a wide range of aquatic invertebrates (Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Crustacea, Insecta, Gastropoda, Bivalvia) and vertebrates (Osteichthyes). Detected molecular properties of calpains from the tissues of different species allow the consideration of the complications of calpain structural organization and regulatory mechanisms in invertebrates and vertebrates from a comparative-evolutionary perspective. Certain conclusions can be drawn about changes in the functional role of this proteolytic system in cell metabolism.

Lipid status of fingerlings of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from different microbiotopes of the Varzuga River

Mechanisms of formation of phenotypic groups of fingerlings of the Atlantic salmon are investigated, related to diversity of embryos and subsequent start possibilities of dispersion of larvae to microbiotopes differing in their life conditions. The fingerlings of salmon, which after hatching and dissolution of the yolk sac moved from the mainstream of the Varzuga River to mouths of its tributaries, had an increased level of triacylglycerols and a higher growth rate than the juveniles remaining in the coastal zone of the river. The revealed differences between the compared groups of fingerlings by the spectrum of stock and structural lipids are mainly connected with distinctions of feeding of juveniles of the same age. The found stable differences by lipid spectra in fingerlings of salmon from the investigated biotopes of the Varzuga in July, August, and October are considered as biochemical prerequisites of the origin of different phenotypic groups of juveniles. Subdivision of fingerlings into phenotypic groups may further on influence the oncoming of the smoltification time of juveniles at the age 2+, 3+, and 4+. Accordingly, this is reflected in formation of the complex age structure (by the number of years spent in the river and in the sea) of the Varzuga population of Atlantic salmon.