N. Nagendra Gandhi

Effect of hydrotropes on solubility and mass transfer coefficient of amyl acetate

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of citric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and urea (hydrotropes) on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient for the extraction of amyl acetate in water. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentration (0–3.0 mol/l) and different temperatures (303–333 K) on the solubility of amyl acetate has been studied. The influence of different hydrotrope concentrations on the mass transfer coefficients for amyl acetate–water system has been ascertained. Setschenow constant, Ks, a measure of the effectiveness of hydrotrope has been determined for each case. The solubility of amyl acetate increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. Consequent to the increase in the solubility of amyl acetate, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration. A Minimum Hydrotropic Concentration (MHC) was found essential to show a significant increase in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient for amyl acetate–water system. The enhancement factor, which is the ratio of value in presence and absence of a hydrotrope is reported for both solubility and mass transfer coefficients.

Effect of Hydrotropes on Solubility and Mass Transfer Coefficient of p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

A comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of methyl benzoate through hydrotropy has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as citric acid, urea and nicotinamide under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant Ks and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study.

Effect of Hydrotropes on Solubility and Mass Transfer Coefficient of Methyl Benzoate

A comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of 1,2-dichloroethane through hydrotropy has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as urea, citric acid, nicotinamide and sodium salicylate under the influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It has been observed that the solubility of 1,2-dichloroethane increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate significant solubilization of 1,2- dichloroethane. Consequent to the increase in solubilization of 1,2-dichloroethane, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration at 303 K . A threshold value of MHC is to be maintained to have an appreciable enhancement in the mass transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for all sets of experimentations. The performance of hydrotropes was measured in terms of setschenow constant (Ks) and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study.

Enhancement of solubility and mass transfer coefficient of salicylic acid through hydrotropy

The effect of hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of benzoic acid has been investigated. The solubility studies were carried out under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303K to 333K). It has been observed that the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of benzoic acid increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate a significant increase in the solubility and the mass transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement factor (φs), which is the ratio of the solubility value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for all sets of experimentations. The solubility of benzoic acid has been enhanced to 19.98 times in the presence of 2.5 mol/L concentration of sodium salicylate hydrotrope at 333K.The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschenow constant Ks and the highest value has been observed as 0.502 for sodium salicylate.

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF 1,2-DIHYDROXY-9,10-ANTHRAQUINONE (ALIZARIN) THROUGH HYDROTROPY

The effect of hydrotropes potassium p-toluene sulfonate (KPTS), citric acid, and nicotinamide on the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient of 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (alizarin) was studied. Solubility studies were carried out under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol·L−1) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It was observed that the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient of alizarin increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and system temperature. The maximum enhancement factor, the ratio of the value of solubility in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for all experiments under study. The effectivity of hydrotropes was measured by the determination of the Setschenow constant, Ks. The order of effectiveness of various hydrotropes based on Ks values is potassium p-toluene sulfonate > citric acid > nicotinamide.

A Study on Hydrotropy—Petroleum and Petrochemical Products

Abstract A comprehensive investigation of the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of benzene through hydrotropy has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as citric acid, urea, nicotinamide, and sodium salicylate under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschenow constant KS and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study.