Nancy Moller

Geochemistry of a Modern Marine Evaporite: Bocana De Virrila, Peru

ABSTRACT The Bocana de Virrila, a relict estuary on the coast of northwestern Peru, exhibits unique lateral zonation of evaporite minerals (calcite, gypsum, halite) along its 20-km length. The salinity gradient in the estuary ranges from normal marine at the mouth to approximately 330,000 ppm TDS in the innermost waters. We use the Harvie-Weare chemical equilibrium model to characterize the saturation horizons of gypsum and halite in the estuary brines. The model predicts water compositions and gypsum and halite precipitation closely. Gypsum and halite precipitate in 2.5-km zones characterized by water salinities greater than 160,000 ppm and 320,000 ppm TDS, respectively. Calcite precipitation is not as extensive as expected, and very high values of alkalinity (6.0 mM 1-1 as CaCO3) are attained. Water composition and sedimentological data support a model of the Bocana as a barred lagoon operating in a flow evaporative mode. Limited diurnal data show significant variation in brine composition as well as thermal and density stratification. In this study, we did not determine the patterns of brine circulation. However, the lack of bittern salts in the saline brine zones suggests removal of K- and Mg-rich brines.

A History of Geothermal Energy Research and Development in the United States. Reservoir Engineering 1976-2006

This report, the third in a four-part series, summarizes significant research projects performed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) over 30 years to overcome challenges in reservoir engineering and to make generation of electricity from geothermal resources more cost-competitive.