Nandkumar Kulkarni

Performance Evaluation of AODV, DSDV & DSR for Quasi Random Deployment of Sensor Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor deployment is one of the key topics addressed in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This paper proposes a new deployment technique of sensor nodes for WSN called as Quasi Random Deployment (QRD). The novel approach to deploy sensor nodes in QRD fashion is to improve the energy efficiency of the WSN in order to increase the network life time and coverage. The QRD produces highly uniform coordinates and it systematically fills the specified area. Along with Random Deployment (RD) pattern of wireless sensor node QRD is analysed in this study. The network is simulated using NS-2 simulator. The efficiency of this deployment is evaluated assuming three routing protocols used for the adhoc networks. They are AODV, DSDV, and DSR. The protocol assumed at transport layer is UDP. Application layer generates the CBR traffic. The performance of these three routing techniques is compared based on total energy consumption, coverage area. The simulation results show that the conventional routing protocols like DSR have a best performance for both RD and QRD of the sensor nodes when there is no mobility of the sensor nodes as compared to AODV and DSDV. Among AODV and DSDV, AODV performs better as compared to DSDV.

Cooperative opportunistic large array approach for cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) seems to be a promising solution to the radio spectrum congestion problem by opportunistic uses of the spectral holes to achieve efficient use of the frequency resource by allowing the coexistence of licensed (primary) and unlicensed (secondary) users in the same bandwidth. According to the cooperative wireless communication (CWC) concept the active nodes may increase their effective QoS via cooperation. For cognitive radio networks, sharing of primary users spectrum by secondary user is possible only when the QoS of the primary system is guaranteed. Cooperative diversity is a strong technique which can provide the maximum throughputs. Cooperative Opportunistic Large Array (OLA) algorithms can improve the reliability as well as the energy efficiency of the communication. Power and diversity gains can be exploited with the help of cooperative transmission in the cognitive radio. In this paper, the novel cooperative OLA approach for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is proposed, which is proved to be energy efficient and scalable. With the help of OLAs, the cognitive network can be built without GPS.

MOHRA: Multi Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WNs) as emerged as promising paradigm to monitor the physical world and it allows the network deployment at a very low cost. In WSNs energy consumption of a node is a critical aspect as it is a limited resource. Since the nodes are tiny devices with limited storage, computational capability a power, it is necessary that all protocols at all layers in WSNs must be energy efficient. The focus, however, has been given to the routing protocols which might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this paper, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art Hybrid Routing Algorithms (HRA) for WSN. Here, we present classification of different HRA for the various approaches chased. This paper also proposes a novel energy efficient Multi Objective HRA (MOHRA). MOHRA uses a two-level hierarchical clustering and the data packets are forwarded using best route which uses weighted sum of different metrics to achieve both energy efficiency and energy balance throughout the network. MOHRA takes into account Total Energy consumption, Control Overhead, Reaction Time, LQI, and HOP Count for selecting the best path from source to sink.

MMOHRA: Mobility aware multi-objective hybrid routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Popularity of Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) has increased tremendously due to the ability to connect the physical world with the virtual world. In MWSN, Sensor nodes move freely in a target area without the need of any special infrastructure. MWSN has attracted many researchers as it has introduced unique challenges in aspects like resource management, coverage, routing protocols, security in many applications such as target tracking in military applications, detection of catastrophic events, environment monitoring, health applications etc. Due to mobility, routing process in MWSN has become more complicated as connections in the network can change dynamically. This paper proposes a Mobility-Aware Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm (MMOHRA) for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). MMOHRA selects the best route and forwards the data packets from source to sink using multiple metrics such as Average Energy consumption, Control Overhead, Reaction Time, LQI, and HOP Count. Performance of MMOHRA is compared with Simple Hybrid Routing Protocol (SHRP) and Dynamic Multi-objective Routing Algorithm (DyMORA) using metrics such as Average Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, and Jitter. MMOHRA improves the Average Energy Consumption (AEC) by a factor of 14.1% as compared with SHRP and 8.13 % as compared to DyMORA. MMOHRA outperformed SHRP and DyMORA in terms of packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by 10.17 % and 9.83 % respectively.

G-MOHRA: Green Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), multi-objective optimization comprises more than one objective function to be improved simultaneously where there is a compromise between two or more contradictory objectives. The optimization method must be energy competent in terms of utilization and communication. This paper proposes a novel multi-objective optimization method known as Green (Energy Efficient)-Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm (G-MOHRA) in WSNs. G-MOHRA uses hierarchical clustering. The information is dispatched using the finest path that uses a weighted average of various metrics in order to achieve energy efficiency and energy stability in the entire network. G-MOHRA uses various metrics such as Average Energy consumption (AEC), Control Overhead, Reaction Time, Link Quality Indicator (LQI), and HOP Count for identifying the best path from source to sink. In this paper, G-MOHRA uses objective functions that are said to be conflicting and provides Pareto optimal solutions. The performance of G-MOHRA is evaluated through intensive simulation and equated with Simple Hybrid Routing Protocol (SHRP) and Dynamic Multi-objective Routing Algorithm (DyMORA). The metrics such as AEC, Residual Energy, Packet Delivery Ratio, Jitter, and Normalized Routing Load are used for comparison. Performance of G-MOHRA has been observed to outclass SHRP and DyMORA. It improves the Packet Delivery Ratio by 18.72% as compared to SHRP and 24.98 % as compared to DyMORA. G-MOHRA outperforms SHRP and DyMORA in terms of Average Energy Consumption by a factor of 19.79 % and 15.52 % as compared to SHRP and DyMORA respectively.

A Novel Sensor Node Deployment using Low Discrepancy Sequences for WSN

The foremost challenge in designing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is careful node placement. Sensor Node placement is a one of the powerful optimization technique for accomplishing the anticipated goals. This paper focuses on categories of node deployment in WSN. The paper highlights various problems and identifies the different objectives in sensor node deployment. The paper proposes a novel node deployment strategy based on Quasi- random method of low-discrepancy sequences to increase the lifetime and the coverage of the network. The aim of the paper is to study how the node deployment affects the different QoS parameters such as packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, delay, etc. with various multi-objective routing algorithms WSN. To validate the proposal simulation, results are presented in this paper. The paper concludes with the future outlook.

Q-MOHRA: QoS Assured Multi-objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Heterogeneous WSN

Quality of Service (QoS) assurance in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a tough task, and it is more exciting due to the scarcity of resources. The requirement of different WSN applications running over has different constraints. In QoS, routing protocol the network has to balance the traffic. This paper presents a novel heuristic routing algorithm known as QoS assured Multi-objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm (Q-MOHRA) for Heterogeneous WSN. Q-MOHRA takes into account the link (energy, hop count, link quality indicator etc.) and path (jitter) metrics for optimal path selection. The performance of Q-MOHRA is evaluated through intensive simulation and equated with Simple Hybrid Routing Protocol (SHRP) and Dynamic Multi-objective Routing Algorithm (DyMORA). The metrics such as average energy consumption, residual energy, packet delivery ratio, jitter, and normalized routing load are used for comparison. The performance of Q-MOHRA has been observed to outclass SHRP and DyMORA. It improves the packet delivery ratio by 24.31% as compared to SHRP and 11.86% as compared to DyMORA. Q-MOHRA outperforms DyMORA in terms of average energy consumption by a factor of 8.27%.

H-MOHRA: Heterogeneous Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster-based Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (CMWSN) has become promising research domain for researchers in the field of ICT. CMWSN has found its way directly into the real world applications only because of the availability of low-cost Sensor nodes. In the last decade, most of the researchers assumed WSN as a collection of homogeneous and stationary sensor nodes. Mobility and heterogeneity of the sensor nodes have imposed new research challenges and demand for new energy efficient solutions in order to increase network lifetime. In this paper, the authors offer a novel Heterogeneous Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm (H-MOHRA) for MWSN. H-MOHRA uses hierarchical clustering. H-MOHRA routes the data packets to sink using a cost function based on many metrics such as Mean Energy Utilization, Control Overhead, Response Time, Connection Quality Measure, and HOPs. The authors study the impact of Energy heterogeneity and mobility of sensor nodes on H-MOHRA. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of H-MOHRA. H-MOHRA simulated and compared SHRP and DyMORA. H-MOHRA drops the Average Energy Consumption by 7.06% related with SHRP and 8.34% related to DyMORA. H-MOHRA outperforms SHRP and DyMORA in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by 9.50% and 7.9% respectively.