Naosaburo Yoshii

JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND THEIR ABNORMAL EEG'S (2) CONTINUOUS THETA WAVES

From the EEG patterns of juvenile delinquents, the authors examined the theta waves and investigated their relations to criminological and psychological findings, comparing them with those of normal EEG and the 14 & 6 c/s positive spikes group.

Studies on the Neural Basis of Behavior by Continuous Frequency Analysis of EEG

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the studies on the neural basis of behavior by continuous frequency analysis of Electroencephalography (EEG). A number of electroencephalographic studies have been reported that aimed to clarify the neural mechanisms that control conditioned behavior. In some experiments, intracerebral stimulation was used as the conditioned stimulus, as the indifferent tracer stimulus to follow the input, or to influence the conditioned response. The component at 9.5 c/s driven by the reticular stimulation, showed a marked increase in amplitude just before the lever-pressing in the frontal Lead on both sides. The EEG component of the stimulation frequency in the hippocampal lead was replaced by an enhancement of the component at 7–8 c/s because of the hippocampal arousal pattern at that time. The changes of the temporo-occipital and occipito-frontal EEGs correlated with the “switch-off behavior” resembled those of the hippocampal EEG. It is found that when the EEG changes correlated with the switch-off behavior driven by the brain-stem stimulation were compared to those of the spontaneous lever-pressing, a similarity was found in the hippocampus.

A Study on the Invasive Hippocampal θ-Waves to the Cortex

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the experiments that are designed to investigate: (1) general features of the cortical “iso-hippocampal rhythm” (IHR), (2) the cortical distribution of the IHR, (3) conditions for the appearance of the cortical IHR, and (4) the cortical excitability during the IHR. The chapter uses the term IHR to denote the activity of extra-hippocampal structures which continues at least for 2 sec at frequencies of the θ of 4-7 c/sec and waxes and wanes in synchrony with the θ-waves of the hippocampus. The IHR activity could appear spontaneously, but it is much easier to induce it by the arousal stimulation. The IHRs presented in the chapter are mainly obtained by the electrical stimulation of the brain stem structures. One of the electrographic arousal states is characterized by cortical desynchronization and hippocampal synchronization. It is reported by Yoshii and associates that the cortical desynchronization sometimes contains a well-developed activity at the frequency-band corresponding to the hippocampal θwaves. The cortical activity with IHR is supposed to be moderately aroused and excludes the indifferent impulses coming to the cortex for inducing the correct performance in the conditioned and learned behavior.

Electroencephalographic study of parasomnia: Sleep-talking, enuresis and bruxism

Abstract Overnight EEGs were recorded on 12 subjects from 12–53 years of age. Records obtained before and after nocturnal behavior such as sleep-talking, bed-wetting, and tooth-grinding were analyzed in terms of frequency. (1) Immediately before sleep-talking occurred during activated sleep the theta wave component of desynchronization in relation to activated sleep decreased momentarily. (2) Adult enuresis occurred during the synchronization phase of activated sleep (episodical appearance of alpha waves). (3) Tooth-grinding was observed most frequently during the spindle phase and occasionally during activated sleep. In the spindle stage components of theta, alpha, and beta waves were augmented immediately before the tooth-grinding occurred and in activated sleep the theta wave component was suppressed. (4) A comparison of EEG before and after parasomnia behavior revealed a theta wave component in the cortical EEG. The theta wave component probably represents a cortical invasion by the hippocampal theta wave.

Conditioning of unitary activity by intracerebral stimulation in cats

Abstract Using unanesthetized and immobilized cats electrical stimulation of intracerebral structures was employed as CS and US in a classical conditioning experiment. CS was administered only to the lateral geniculate body whereas US was applied to the midbrain reticular formation and non-specific thalamic nuclei. Conditioned unit activity was looked for mainly in subcortical structures. From a total of 58 target units, well-established, conditioned activity was seen in 25 units (43 per cent). In 7 units, the conditioned effect appeared as a change in the response to CS. Eighteen units showed changes in both the response to CS and the background activity during the inter-trial intervals. Although the target units were of different origin, there were no marked differences in conditioned activity.

Conditioned Change in Discharge Pattern for Single Neurons of the Medial Thalamic Nuclei of the Cat

By presenting in combination two intracerebral stimuli, change in discharge pattern could be conditioned in the single neurons of the medial thalamic nuclei of encephale isole cat.

CONDITIONING OF SEIZURE DISCHARGES WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE LIMBIC STRUCTURES IN CATS.

1. Using pure tone as the conditioned stimulus, conditioning of hippocampal or amygdaloid seizures with electrical stimulation of the limbic structures was tried in unanesthetized, half‐restrained cats.

EFFECT OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM 'MATATABI' ON THE EEG OF CAT.

The authors examined the effects of three components of ‘Matatabi’ extract, beta‐phenylethylalcohol, actinidine and ‘Matatabi’‐lactone isolated by Sakan, Fujino, Murai et al. on cats, dogs, rabbits and rats.

THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS IN JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

The recording of electroencephalogram from problem children began in 1938 with the work of Jasper, Solomon and Bradley1). D. Since that time, a number of reports has revealed the characteristics of the EEG in problem children. Recently attempts D 1) 2) 3) are made not only to understand properties of their EEG, but to relate them to the physiological or psychological factors of behavior disorder. But all of these researches are hardly satisfactory enough, because of lack of standardized trait of personality or lack of control of subjects. Therefore, in our present attempt purporting to establish the relationship between the EEG patterns in juvenile delinquents and their psychological personality, an effort was made especially to catch the psychological traits through more objective technique.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROEN‐CEPHALOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION ON CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR*

Since 1940 the author had been studying conditioned reflex and conditioned behavior of animals as well as of human. In 1946, he came to the conclusion that electroencephalographic technique, by which cerebral activity was directly registered, had to be introduced into the studies on conditioned reflex, and he started experimenting along this line. Because numerous terms were still used in connection with conditioned reflex rather loosely, that is, without sufficiently reliable electrophysiological evidences, the author intended, electroencephalographically at first, to standardize the concepts held by the researchers of conditioned reflex such as irradiation and concentration of excitation and inhibition, then to explain the neuronal mechanism underlying the changes in the electrical activity of the brain neurophysiologically. That tells that the main subject of his research for these ten years was to throw light on the neuronal mechanism of the conditioned reflex and the conditioned behavior. 1) Striking advances have been made in foreign countries in the area of electroencephalographic investigations ; especially, studies on specific and nonspecific projection systems, augmentation and recruiting responses and the physiology of brain stem reticular activating system, centrencephalic system, amygdala, etc., have yielded