Natalie Caine-Bish

Effect of nutrition intervention using a general nutrition course for promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among college students.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of implementing nutrition intervention using a general nutrition class to promote consumption of fruits and vegetables in college students. DESIGN 3-day food records were collected, verified, and analyzed before and after the intervention. SETTING A midwestern university. PARTICIPANTS 80 college students, ages 18 to 24, participated in the study. INTERVENTION The intervention focused on nutrition knowledge related to prevention of chronic diseases, healthful dietary choices increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, dietary feedback, and interactive hands-on activities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Consumption of: total vegetable, fresh vegetable, starchy vegetable, french fries, vegetable juice, total fruit, fresh fruit, canned fruit, and fruit juice. ANALYSIS Dependent t test was used to analyze the differences in pre- and posttest. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in dietary changes between groups. RESULTS Participants significantly increased consumption of not only total fruits and vegetables (P < .005), but also fresh fruits and vegetables (P < .005). Intake of french fries decreased significantly (P < .05). Females responded better to the intervention than males in increasing vegetable consumption (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Class-based nutrition intervention focusing on prevention of chronic diseases is a cost-effective approach to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among college students.

Interactive Introductory Nutrition Course Focusing on Disease Prevention Increased Whole-Grain Consumption by College Students

OBJECTIVE To estimate current consumption of whole grains in college students and determine whether there would be an increase in whole-grain consumption after the students completed an interactive introductory nutrition course focusing on disease prevention. METHODS Eighty college students, 18-24 years old, participated in the study. Grain and whole-grain consumption, whole-grain food sources, and energy intake were measured before and after the nutrition course. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed. RESULTS After the study, whole-grain intake significantly increased from 0.37 ounces (oz) to 1.16 oz (P < .001), whereas total grain intake remained the same (3.07 oz). The number of whole-grain food sources increased from 7 to 11 food items after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A general nutrition course can be used as an avenue to increase whole-grain intake by college students.

The immunological and metabolic responses to exercise of varying intensities in normoxic and hypoxic environments.

Blegen, M, Cheatham, C, Caine-Bish, N, Woolverton, C, Marcinkiewicz, J, and Glickman, E. The immunological and metabolic responses to exercise of varying intensities in normoxic and hypoxic environments. J Strength Cond Res 22(5): 1638-1644, 2008-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying intensities of exercise in normoxic and hypoxic environments on selected immune regulation and metabolic responses. Using a within-subjects design, subjects performed maximal tests on a cycle ergometer in both normoxic (PiO2 = 20.94%) and hypoxic (PiO2 = 14.65%) environments to determine &OV0312;O2max. On separate occasions, subjects then performed four randomly assigned, 1-hour exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer (two each in normoxic and hypoxic environments). The hypoxic environment was created by reducing the O2 concentration of inspired air using a commercially available hypoxic chamber. The intensities for the exercise bouts were predetermined as 40 and 60% of their normoxic &OV0312;O2max for the normoxic exercise bouts and as 40 and 60% of their hypoxic &OV0312;O2max for the hypoxic exercise bouts. Blood samples were collected preexercise, postexercise, 15 minutes postexercise, 2 hours postexercise, and 24 hours postexercise for the determination of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between condition or intensity for IL-1 or TNF-α. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between intensities were demonstrated for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol (p < 0.05). A significant difference was identified between normoxic and hypoxic environments with respect to nonesterifed fatty acids (0.45 ± 0.37 vs. 0.58 ± 0.31 mEq·L−1, respectively; p = 0.012). During prolonged exercise at 40 and 60% of their respective &OV0312;O2max values, hypoxia did not seem to dramatically alter the response of the selected immune system or metabolic markers. Exercise training that uses acute hypoxic environments does not adversely affect immune regulation system status and may be beneficial for those individuals looking to increase endurance performance.

The Effect of Cold Exposure on the Hormonal and Metabolic Responses to Sleep Deprivation

Abstract Objective.—The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 12°C cold exposure for 180-minutes on the hormonal responses of sleep-deprived individuals. Methods.—Participants underwent 2 cold-air trials: 1 after a normal night of sleep (ie, 6–8 hours) and 1 after 33 hours of sleep deprivation (SDEP). A venous blood sample was taken at baseline and then at 90-and 180-minute cold-exposure time points. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine significance between a normal night of sleep and SDEP for norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, insulin, thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, glucose, and non-esterified fatty acids. Results.—There was no significant main effect for time, trial, or interaction for insulin, thyroid hormones, epinephrine, cortisol, and glucose (P ≤ .05). A significant main effect for time for norepinephrine and non-esterified fatty acids was demonstrated (P < .001). Discussion.—The lack of significant differences in the hormonal and metabolic responses to cold exposure combined with SDEP may have been because of an ability of the individual to continue to respond despite the environmental stressor or the physiological effect elicited from cold exposure, thereby possibly masking physiological responses of SDEP. Conclusions.—On the basis of these data, SDEP combined with protracted cold exposure apparently was not a great enough stressor to cause a differential response in the hormonal and metabolic parameters.

Changes in body temperature and basal metabolic rate of the Ama--a commentary.

The article entitled “Changes in Body Temperature and Basal Metabolic Rate of the Ama” (ie, Koreanpearl diving women) focuses on the thermal and metabolic responses of the remarkable Korean pearl divers(ama) who repeatedly dove into the waters of Pusan, Korea. This classic article demonstrates that the amawomen exhibited a type of acclimation termed “metabolic adaptation,” which may occur in individuals whobecome acclimatized to cold. The oral temperatures and metabolic rates of the Korean diving womendescribed in this article were measured during 4 seasons and compared with their Korean nondivingcounterparts who lived in the same community and consumed the same diet.The oral temperature of Korean diving women was measured before and after they dove for pearls in thewaters off the Pusan coast. Resting metabolic rate was also measured under the same conditions. In thesummer, the average oral temperature of the women declined to 35°C after 70 minutes of diving into 27°Cwater. In the winter months, the water temperature averaged 10°C, permitting the women to dive for only 15minutes. During this time, their oral temperatures declined to 33°C. Because the oral temperature declinedwith respect to the water temperature conditions, the duration of the work for the women was primarilydetermined by the water temperature and their ability to endure the extreme cold. The basal metabolic rateof the ama pearl divers varied with the season, implying that in the winter months the elevated (basal)

Differences in Body Dissatisfaction With Respect to BMI Classification and Gender

Objective: To determine if differences in body dissatisfaction with respect to body mass index (BMI) classifications and sex exist in school-aged children. Design, Setting and Participants: Each participating thirdto fifth-grade student (44 male and 33 female students) completed a body image questionnaire and BMI measures. Participants were then classified according to their BMI and sex. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in body image with respect to BMI classification and sex. Results: Significant interactions were identified, revealing that body dissatisfaction does occur in the preadolescent groups with respect to sex and weight classifications and how peers want participants to look (P < .05). More specifically, the overweight boys had more body image dissatisfaction than any of the students in the female BMI classifications and other male BMI classifications. Conclusions and Implications: School-age children may exemplify body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, sex and BMI classification have an effect on children’s body dissatisfaction. Body satisfaction is an area that needs to be addressed educationally with this population to help promote healthy behaviors.

The Effects of Nicotine on the Metabolic and Hormonal Responses During Acute Cold Exposure

Abstract Objective.—To examine the effects of nicotine on the metabolic and hormonal responses during acute cold exposure. Methods.—Participants in this study included 6 men and 5 women between the ages of 19 and 25 years. Each subject performed 2 cold-air trials (CATs) consisting of a 30-minute baseline (BASE) period and a 120-minute exposure to 10°C air. One CAT was performed after a nicotine (NIC) dosing using a 21-mg transdermal patch, whereas the other CAT was performed after a placebo (PL) treatment. Blood samples for metabolic and hormonal measurements were obtained at the end of BASE and immediately after the cold exposure. Results.—When examining the sexes separately, there was no difference in norepinephrine between PL and NIC (P = .066). There was also no difference in epinephrine between PL and NIC in either sex (P = .634). From BASE to 120 minutes of the CAT, there was a significant decrease in cortisol (P = .036), but this response was similar between the 2 treatments (P = .077). Glucose and glycerol concentrations were not different between the PL and NIC treatments. At BASE, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was lower during PL compared with NIC (P = .021); however, at 120 minutes of the CAT, NEFA was greater during PL compared with NIC (P = .035). Conclusions.—During 120 minutes of cold exposure, NIC resulted in alterations in the responses in NEFA, whereas the other blood measurements were not significantly different between the 2 groups.

The influence of ethnicity on thermosensitivity during cold water immersion

PURPOSE This investigation evaluated the influence of ethnicity, Caucasian (CAU) vs. African American (AA), on thermosensitivity and metabolic heat production (HP) during cold water immersion (20 degrees C) in 15 CAU (22.7 +/- 2.7 yr) vs. 7 AA (21.7 +/- 2.7 yr) males. METHODS Following a 20-min baseline period (BASE), subjects were immersed in 20 degrees C water until esophageal temperature (Tes) reached 36.5 degrees C or for a maximum pre-occlusion (Pre-OCC) time of 40 min. Arm and thigh cuffs were then inflated to 180 and 220 mm Hg, respectively, for 10 min (OCC). Following release of the inflated cuffs (Post-OCC), the slope of the relationship between the decrease in Tes and the increase in HP was used to define thermosensitivity (beta). RESULTS ANOVA revealed no significant difference in thermosensitivity between CAU and AA (CAU = 3.56 +/- 1.54 vs. AA = 2.43 +/- 1.58 W.kg(-1). degrees C(-1)). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found for Tsk (CAU = 24.2 +/- 1.1 vs. AA = 25.1 +/- 1.1 degrees C) or HP (p > 0.05; CAU = 2.5 +/- 0.8 vs. AA = 36.5 +/- 1.8 W.kg(-1)). However, a significant (p < 0.05) main effect for ethnicity for Tes was observed (CAU = 36.7 +/- 1.8 vs. AA = 36.5 +/- 1.8 degrees C). CONCLUSION These data suggest, despite a differential response in Tes between AA and CAU groups, the beta of HP during cold water immersion is similar between CAU and AA. Therefore, these data demonstrate that when faced with a cold challenge, there is a similar response in HP between CAU and AA that is accompanied by a differential response in Tes.