Nathalie Lottier

Influence of biochars, compost and iron grit, alone and in combination, on copper solubility and phytotoxicity in a Cu-contaminated soil from a wood preservation site

Two biochars, a green waste compost and iron grit were used, alone and in combination, as amendment to improve soil properties and in situ stabilize Cu in a contaminated soil (964mgCukg(-1)) from a wood preservation site. The pot experiment consisted in 9 soil treatments (% w/w): untreated Cu-contaminated soil (Unt); Unt soil amended respectively with compost (5%, C), iron grit (1%, Z), pine bark-derived biochar (1%, PB), poultry-manure-derived biochar (1%, AB), PB or AB+C (5%, PBC and ABC), and PB or AB+Z (1%, PBZ and ABZ). After a 3-month reaction period, the soil pore water (SPW) was sampled in potted soils and dwarf beans were grown for a 2-week period. In the SPW, all amendments decreased the Cu(2+) concentration, but total Cu concentration increased in all AB-amended soils due to high dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration. No treatment improved root and shoot DW yields, which even decreased in the ABC and ABZ treatments. The PBZ treatment decreased total Cu concentration in the SPW while reducing the gap with common values for root and shoot yields of dwarf bean plants. A field trial is underway before any recommendation for the PB-based treatments.

Evolution morphologique des litières de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) et transformation des biopolymères, lignine et polysaccharides, dans un mull et un moder, sous climat tempéré (forêt de Fougères, Bretagne, France)

Morphological evolution of beech litter (Fagus sylvatica L.) and biopolymer transformation (lignin, polysaccharides) in a mull and a moder, under temperate climate (Fougeres forest, Britany, France). Can. J. Soil Sci. 85: 405-416. This study was conducted on a mull and a moder from two beech stands, 27 and 87 yr old, respectively, in the Fougeres forest. In each stand, five profiles were subdivided in OL, OF and OH (moder only) layers and A 1 subhorizons. In the mull OL-OF layer, the organic matter was quickly degraded by white-rot fungi together with bacteria and earthworms. A fungal attack occurred in the moder OL and OF layers, whereas bacteria seemed efficient in the OF layer and especially so in the OH layer, where they appeared responsible for lignin and structural polysaccharide degradation. Lignin degradation was indicated by: (i) the decrease of all phenolic monomers, (ii) methoxyl group loss and (iii) an increase in the vanillic acid/aldhehyde ratio. The production of microbial exo-polysaccharides at the expense of the structural polysaccharides, revealed by an increase of the mannose/xylose ratio, was also supported by transmission electron microscopy observations. The decrease in the lignin phenols and structural polysaccharides continues in the underlying A 1 1 and A 1 2 layers. In the mull, earthworm activity results in a complex organo-mineral association, whereas in the moder, enchytraeid worm activity is responsible for mixing of inherited organic aggregates associated with minerals.

Long-term Cu stabilization and biomass yields of Giant reed and poplar after adding a biochar, alone or with iron grit, into a contaminated soil from a wood preservation site

A 2-year pot experiment was carried out to examine the aging effect of biochar (B), alone or combined with iron grit (Z), on Cu stabilization and plant growth in a contaminated soil (964mg Cu kg-1) from a wood preservation site. The experiment consisted in 3 soil treatments, either planted with Arundo donax L. (Ad) or Populus nigra L. (Pn): (1) untreated Cu-contaminated soil (Ad, Pn); (2) Unt+1% (w/w) B (AdB, PnB), and (3) Unt+1% B+1% Z (AdBZ, PnBZ). After 22months, the soil pore water (SPW) was sampled and roots and shoots were harvested. The SPW compositions at 3 and 22months were compared, showing that the SPW Cu2+ concentration increased again in the PnB and PnBZ soils. Cultivation of A. donax enhanced the dissolved organic matter concentration in the SPW, which decreased its Cu2+ concentration but promoted its total Cu concentration in the Ad and AdB soils. Adding Z with B reduced both SPW Cu2+ and Cu concentrations in the pots cultivated by A. donax and P. nigra as compared to B alone. The B and BZ treatments did not enhance root and shoot yields of both plant species as compared to the Unt soil but their shoot Cu concentrations were in the range of common values.