Nathan Brody

Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns

Ulric Neisser (Chair) Gwyneth Boodoo Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr. A. Wade Boykin Nathan Brody Stephen J. Ceci Diane E Halpern John C. Loehlin Robert Perloff Robert J. Sternberg Susana Urbina Emory University Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Howard University Wesleyan University Cornell University California State University, San Bernardino University of Texas, Austin University of Pittsburgh Yale University University of North Florida

An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) have reported a meta-analysis of over 500 studies comparing some form of psychological therapy with a control condition. They report that when averaged over all dependent measures of outcome, psychological therapy is. 85 standard deviations better than the control treatment. We examined the subset of studies included in the Smith et al. metaanalysis that contained a psychotherapy and a placebo treatment. The median of the mean effect sizes for these 32 studies was. 15. There was a nonsignificant inverse relationship between mean outcome and the following: sample size, duration of therapy, use of measures of outcome other than undisguised self-report, measurement of outcome at follow-up, and use of real patients rather than subjects solicited for the purposes of participation in a research study. A qualitative analysis of the studies in terms of the type of patient involved indicates that those using psychiatric outpatients had essentially zero effect sizes and that none using psychiatric inpaticnts provide convincing evidence for psychotherapeutic effectiveness. The onty studies clearly demonstrating significant effects of psychotherapy were the ones that did not use real patients. For the most part, these studies involved small samples of subjects and brief treatments, occasionally described in quasibeliavioristic language. It was concluded that for real patients there is no evidence that the benefits of psychotherapy are greater than those of placebo treatment.

Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality

Based on his finding that subjects can show an affective preference to previously seen stimuli that they fail to recognize, Zajonc (1980) claimed that affective processing operates separately from cognitive processing. Over four experiments, we replicated and extended the finding that mere exposure to a briefly presented stimulus can increase positive affect through familiarity without enhancing the recognition of that stimulus. Among our findings, lateralized presentation of the irregular polygon stimuli showed that affect judgments were best for stimuli presented in the right visual field (left hemisphere), whereas recognition judgments were best for stimuli presented in the left visual field (right hemisphere). These effects were found only when the study stimuli were shown for 2 msec and were unmasked or for 5 msec and were pattern masked; when the stimuli were shown for 5 msec and were energy masked, target selection by affect or recognition was not greater than chance. These data, along with results from contingency probability analyses, indicate that affect and recognition judgments are different. Rather than viewing the difference between affect and recognition in terms of different features that might reside in the stimulus, the difference in judgments may reflect the manner in which a stimulus representation has been accessed. When viewed in terms of different retrieval processes that access different information, target selection by affect in the absence of recognition can be interpreted in terms of existing models of recognition memory.

Critical importance of exposure duration for affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized

Previous research has found that repeated exposure to briefly presented visual stimuli can increase the positive affect for the stimuli without enhancing their recognition. Subjects could discriminate target and distractor shapes by affective preference in the absence of recognition memory. This study examined this phenomenon as a function of stimulus exposure duration. Over exposure durations of 0, 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 ms, the functions for affect and recognition judgments exhibited different temporal dynamics. Target selection by affect was possible at very brief exposures and was influenced little by increasing durations; target selection by recognition required longer stimulus exposures and improved with increasing durations. Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized is a reliable phenomenon, but it occurs only within a narrow band of time. This parametric study has specified the relationship between exposure duration and affect and recognition judgments and has located that temporal window.

Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: II. Effect of delay between study and test

This study found that repeated exposure to briefly presented stimuli increased positive affect through familiarity without enhancing recognition of the stimuli. Following exposure, subjects selected previously shown target stimuli on the basis of affect in the absence of stimulus recognition. Interpreted in terms of the manner in which information can be accessed in long-term storage, this study extends earlier research by showing that the ability to select target stimuli by affect can occur undiminished over a delay of 1 week between study and test. Repeated processing during study can produce a form of perceptual learning, called perceptual fluency, that can serve as the basis for stimulus discrimination in the absence of recognition at the time of test. The present results of familiar, but unrecognized, stimuli are analogous to the memory phenomenon of deja vu.

Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth: Jefferson M. Fish (Ed.). (2002), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0-8058-3757-4, pp. xviii+436

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Oysters, rabbits and people: A critique of “race differences in behaviour” by J.P. Rushton

Abstract Rushtons article is criticized for its logic, the credibility of some of its sources, selectivity from the literature and from data within studies, failing to consider diversity in subgroups within races that may exceed differences between races, lack of analysis of racial differences in socioeconomic status and how this might influence group differences, and failure to apply statistical tests to minute differences between means. A wide range of phenomena assumed to be heritable are linked with the idea that they serve a reproductive end. However, there is no evidence that fertility itself is heritable. Large scale studies have shown no racial differences in diagnoses or on the MMPI that fit Rushtons theory. Rushtons analysis of international data on the EPQ is selective, ignoring the variance within racial groups and the scale of greatest relevance for his theory: P. An analysis of the data on this scale reveals no results in conformance with his theory. Data on sexual behavior is based on small and unrepresentative samples of blacks. Sizes of heads and genitals are compared with no obvious connection to the primary issue of biological fertility strategies. Everything is assumed to be on a primarily genetic basis although sexual mores have shown remarkable changes in a single generation.

Construct Validation of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test: Comment and Reanalysis.

Abstract This paper presents an alternative theoretical analysis of several analyses presented by Sternberg and his colleagues of studies designed to validate the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT). The paper contrasts a triarchic theory analysis of the data with one that emphasizes the relevance of g to an understanding of the results obtained by Sternberg and his colleagues. Three relationships are considered: (1) Relationships between triarchic abilities and other measures of intelligence; (2) Relationships between triarchic abilities and academic achievements; (3) Relationships among triarchic abilities. It is argued that the g theory is required to understand the relationships obtained by Sternberg and his colleagues.

Lateralized affective priming of lateralized affectively valued target words

Abstract Four experiments analyzed the effects of lateralized affective prime stimuli (either faces or words) on judgements of the affective value of visually lateralized verbal target stimuli. Right visual field affective primes decreased the speed and accuracy of judgments of right visual field targets. Left visual field affective prime stimuli tended to increase the speed and accuracy of judgments of left visual field targets. There was also evidence for asymmetric priming effects where primes and targets were presented to different visual fields. The results supported a model of right hemisphere involvement in the processing of affective stimuli.

Odd-Man-Out and Intelligence

Abstract The relationship between odd-man-out reaction time (RT) tasks and intelligence is examined. The first experiment supports previous findings that the odd-man-out task is more highly correlated with intelligence than performance on standard choice RT tasks. The advantage high-IQ subjects have over low-IQ subjects in performing the odd-man-out task is eliminated when subjects are forced to take account of a cue stimulus. The second experiment indicates that increasing the complexity of the odd-man-out discrimination by making subjects compare the distances between three pairs of stimuli, as opposed to just two, increases the correlation between odd-man-out performance and intelligence.