Nathaniel Laor

Teacher-delivered resilience-focused intervention in schools with traumatized children following the second Lebanon war†

The 2006 Lebanon War exposed children in the north of Israel to daily rocket attacks. To cope with the massive psychological needs, a teacher-delivered protocol focusing on enhancing personal resilience was implemented. Children were assessed for risk factors, symptoms, and adaptation before the 16-week program (Time 1; n = 983) and after its completion (Time 2; n = 563). At a 3-month follow-up (Time 3; n = 754) children were assessed together with a waiting-list comparison group (n = 1,152). Participating children showed a significant symptom decrease at Time 2 and significantly fewer symptoms than the control group at Time 3. Six or more risk factors were associated with greater symptoms and parental concern about the childs adaptive functioning. Teachers are valuable cost-effective providers for clinically informed interventions after mass trauma and disaster.

Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in children with malignancies and their parents

Recent improvements in prognosis necessitate considering the emotional responses of children with malignant diseases and of their parents. This prospective study assessed 20 children and adolescents and their 36 parents within 2 weeks of diagnosis and after 1 and 6 months. Fifty-three percent exhibited moderate to severe posttraumatic symptoms right after diagnosis that decreased significantly after 1 month. Children with high-risk disease reported the most severe symptoms. Unexpectedly, children with low-risk disease exhibited more severe symptoms than those with moderate risk. Depressive symptoms decreased significantly during the period, but anxiety symptoms did not. Moreover, quality of life did not change. Twenty percent of parents exhibited posttraumatic symptoms on initial evaluation. Mothers’ symptoms did not change, but fathers’ symptoms decreased with those of their children. Several procedures and experiences were identified as causes of traumatic stress responses.

Schizophrenia and Autoimmunity – A Possible Etiological Mechanism?

Schizophrenia is a chronic disease which begins during early adulthood and persists throughout life. It may appear in two main clinical patterns: chronic progressive and relapsing-remitting. The diagnosis is based entirely on clinical data, as no auxiliary laboratory tests are available. Schizophrenia has a heterogeneous clinical expression which may reflect different etiological factors, such as genetic susceptibility, dysfunction of different neurotransmitter systems or environmental, stressogenic and interfamilial influences. Recently, an autoimmune hypothesis has gained acceptance, which proposes that schizophrenia is one of a spectrum of neuropsychiatric diseases in which an autoimmune attack on the brain occurs. It is also possible, however, that the immunological changes seen in schizophrenic patients are secondary to the disease itself. The main evidence supporting an autoimmune hypothesis is the presence of immunological alterations in schizophrenia that also occur in other autoimmune diseases, e.g. an elevation in serum immunoglobulin levels, a decrease in mitogen responses, morphologically abnormal lymphocytes, an increase in antibrain antibodies, an increase in antibodies to nuclear factor, and a decrease in CD4+ T cells. An autoimmune etiology, if proven correct in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, would have potential implications for the direction of future psychopharmacological therapies.

A Comparison of Life Events in Adolescents with Major Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder and Matched Controls: A Pilot Study

Background: The study assessed the prevalence of life events (LE) in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 19), borderline personality disorder (BPD, n = 20) and matched controls (n = 20). Methods: Assessment measures included: the Child Suicide Potential Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Life Events Checklist, the Childhood Sexual Abuse Questionnaire and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results: The percentage of negative lifetime LE was significantly higher in both MDD and BPD groups than in the control group, while the opposite was true for the percentage of positive LE. No difference was detected between the groups in the number of negative LE in the year preceding their admission. The MDD group reported more death-related LE than the control group, while the BPD group reported more sexual abuse LE than the control and MDD groups. Conclusions: The present study is a cross-sectional study, and therefore, we cannot draw definite conclusions regarding causality. Yet, the significance of negative LE as contributors to and of positive LE as protective factors against the development of nonsuicidal psychopathology is suggested. Further, the possible association between death of a first-degree relative and MDD and between sexual abuse occurring in early childhood and BPD is raised.

The effects of target and distractor familiarity on visual search in anxious children: latent inhibition and novel pop-out.

Children and adolescents (ages 6-17 years) diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder were compared to matched controls on a two-stage serial visual search task in which they identified presence or absence of a unique shape presented with homogeneous distractors. Response time was examined as a function of prior experience with either target, distractor, or both, allowing for a within-subject assessment of latent inhibition (LI: slower responding to a target that was formerly a distractor against a background of distractors that were formerly targets as compared to a novel target with distractors that were formerly targets) and novel pop-out effects (NPO: faster responding to a novel target against a background of familiar former targets as compared to the condition in which both the target and distractors were novel). There were robust LI and NPO effects for both anxious and control children. However, the predicted interaction between diagnosis and LI condition was not obtained. In general, the results suggest that children with diagnosed anxiety disorder do not differ from controls on basic information processing as assessed by this visual search task.

Self- and Co-regulation of Anger and Fear in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Maternal Parenting Style and Temperament

Emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are a major concern in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Maternal temperament and parenting style have significant effects on children’s ER. However, these effects have not been studied in children with ASD. Forty preschoolers with ASD and their mothers and forty matched controls engaged in fear and anger ER paradigms, micro-coded for child self- and co-regulatory behaviors and parent’s regulation-facilitation. Mothers’ parenting style and temperament were self-reported. In the ASD group only, maternal authoritarian style predicted higher self-regulation and lower co-regulation of anger and maternal authoritative style predicted higher self-regulation of fear. Maternal temperament did not predict child’s ER. Findings emphasize the importance of maternal flexible parenting style in facilitating ER among children with ASD.

T cell subsets in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Stress can produce immunosuppression leading to increased susceptibility to infection, tumor growth or autoimmune disease. It has been recently noted, however, that certain kinds of stress need not increase the risk of immune pathology. The present study looked for immune pathology in an anxiety-related disorder. Acute exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety spectrum disorder, served as a model for stress. Seven OCD subjects in acute exacerbation, and 9 healthy age-matched control subjects participated in the study. T cell subsets were determined at baseline in both OCD and control groups, and after 6 weeks on clomipramine in the OCD group. No statistically significant changes in lymphocyte subsets were found between the control and the untreated patient groups. Likewise, no statistically significant changes were found in patients before and after treatment. The negative findings of the present study supports the view that stress need not compromise immunologic function. Various aspects of stress, which may turn the immune system vulnerable, are discussed as well.

Self-regulated compliance in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder: The role of temperament and parental disciplinary style

Regulatory difficulties are common in children with autism spectrum disorder. This study focused on an important aspect of self-regulation—the ability to willingly comply with frustrating demands of socialization agents, termed “self-regulated compliance.” We studied compliance to parental demands in 40 preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder and 40 matched typically developing preschoolers, during separate interactions with mother and father, while engaging in two paradigms: toy pick-up and delayed gratification, which tap the “do” and “don’t” aspects of self-regulated socialization at this age. Parents’ disciplinary style was micro-coded from the two paradigms and child temperament was parent reported. Compared to their typically developing peers, children with autism spectrum disorder showed more noncompliance and less self-regulated compliance to parental demands and prohibitions and greater temperamental difficulties across several domains. No group differences were found in parental disciplinary style. Child self-regulated compliance was associated with parental supportive disciplinary style and with child attention focusing. Findings highlight the importance of parental supportive presence in structuring the development of socialization in children with autism spectrum disorder. Implications for parent–child emotion regulation interventions are discussed.

Introduction: The Legacy of Ian C. Jarvie

Ian C. Jarvie is a leading philosopher of the social sciences of our age. While engaged in an ascending career, he described himself as a professional in an unresolved identity crisis. Turning his personal crisis into a professional tool, he has been introducing Popperian insights in the philosophy of science writ large into particular studies in the social sciences. His proposals are characterized by the recommendation we consider all activity as problem-solving (and not search for justifications). This invites improvable explanations and ongoing rethinking.

State-of-the-Art-Lectures

The aim of this presentation is to provide an account of a relatively new therapeutic approach, so that those who are unfamiliar with it will be encouraged to investigate its possibilities further. In this state of the art lecture I aim to provide an account of the development of cognitive behaviour therapy from both behavioural and psychoanalytic approaches. I shall summarise the main issues relating to evidence for effectiveness in comparison to other forms of treatment. I shall then discuss the prospects for the use of this form of psychotherapy in the future.