Ndola Prata

Controlling postpartum hemorrhage after home births in Tanzania

Objectives: Determine safety of household management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) with 1000 μg of rectal misoprostol, and assess possible reduction in referrals and the need for additional interventions. Methods: Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in Kigoma, Tanzania were trained to recognize PPH (500 ml of blood loss). Blood loss measurement was standardized by using a local garment, the “kanga”. TBAs in the intervention area gave 1000 μg of misoprostol rectally when PPH occurred. Those in the non‐intervention area referred the women to the nearest facility. Results: 454 women in the intervention and 395 in the non‐intervention areas were eligible. 111 in the intervention area and 73 in the non‐intervention had PPH. Fewer than 2% of the PPH women in the intervention area were referred, compared with 19% in the non‐intervention. Conclusion: Misoprostol is a low cost, easy to use technology that can control PPH even without a medically trained attendant.

Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at home birth in Afghanistan

To test the safety, acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of community‐based education and distribution of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at home birth in Afghanistan.

Saving maternal lives in resource-poor settings: Facing reality

OBJECTIVE Evaluate safe-motherhood interventions suitable for resource-poor settings that can be implemented with current resources. METHODS Literature review to identify interventions that require minimal treatment/infrastructure and are not dependent on skilled providers. Simulations were run to assess the potential number of maternal lives that could be saved through intervention implementation according to potential program impact. Regional and country level estimates are provided as examples of settings that would most benefit from proposed interventions. RESULTS Three interventions were identified: (i) improve access to contraception; (ii) increase efforts to reduce deaths from unsafe abortion; and (iii) increase access to misoprostol to control postpartum hemorrhage (including for home births). The combined effect of postpartum hemorrhage and unsafe abortion prevention would result in the greatest gains in maternal deaths averted. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Bold new initiatives are needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters. Ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths occur in developing countries and the majority of these women deliver alone, or with a traditional birth attendant. It is time for maternal health program planners to reprioritize interventions in the face of human and financial resource constraints. The three proposed interventions address the largest part of the maternal health burden.

War, peace, and fertility in Angola

Using data from a nationally representative survey conducted in 1996, some two years after the end of a major outbreak of war, we examine the impact of war on the timing of recent births and war-related differences in reproductive preferences in Angola. We find evidence of a wartime drop and a postwar rebound in fertility, but these trends vary greatly, depending on the type and degree of exposure to war and on women’s socioeconomic characteristics. At the same time, variations by parity are nonsignificant. In fertility preferences, the relative antinatalism of Angola’s most modernized urban area stands out, but outside this area, differences between areas that were more and less affected by war are also noticeable. We offer interpretations of our findings and outline their implications for Angola’s demographic future and demographic trends in similar settings.

Parachute approach to evidence based medicine

Waiting for the results of randomised trials of public health interventions can cost hundreds of lives, especially in poor countries with great need and potential to benefit. If the science is good, we should act before the trials are done

Gender and Relationship Differences in Condom Use Among 15-24-Year-Olds in Angola

CONTEXT The sexual behavior of young people in Angola will play a major role in the future spread of HIV, yet few young people use condoms consistently, and reported rates of condom use are low. It is important to identify determinants of condom use among Angolan adolescents and young adults. METHODS Data for analysis came from 1,995 sexually experienced youth aged 15-24 who participated in a 2001 knowledge, attitudes and practices survey in Luanda, Angola. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of consistent condom use by gender and determinants of condom use at last intercourse by type of relationship. RESULTS For both males and females, consistent condom use was positively associated with higher levels of education (odds ratios, 1.7-2.6) and believing that condoms did not diminish sexual pleasure (1.8 for both genders). It was negatively associated with being married or in a cohabiting relationship (0.1-0.5). Females who equated condom use with lack of trust were less likely to use condoms consistently (0.5), and males who believed that condoms were safe and those who had multiple partners were more likely to be consistent users (1.6 and 1.7, respectively). Urban residence, higher education, being in school and not equating condom use with lack of trust were important predictors of use at last intercourse in regular and casual relationships, whereas access to condoms was the most important factor in spousal relationships (4.5). CONCLUSIONS Intervention programs aimed at less educated, periurban and unemployed young people should be part of an effective HIV-prevention strategy. Such programs must address misperceptions among youth about condom use and the need for protection from HIV and other STIs.

Private sector, human resources and health franchising in Africa

In much of the developing world, private health care providers and pharmacies are the most important sources of medicine and medical care and yet these providers are frequently not considered in planning for public health. This paper presents the available evidence, by socioeconomic status, on which strata of society benefit from publicly provided care and which strata use private health care. Using data from The World Banks Health Nutrition and Population Poverty Thematic Reports on 22 countries in Africa, an assessment was made of the use of public and private health services, by asset quintile groups, for treatment of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections, proxies for publicly subsidized services. The evidence and theory on using franchise networks to supplement government programmes in the delivery of public health services was assessed. Examples from health franchises in Africa and Asia are provided to illustrate the potential for franchise systems to leverage private providers and so increase delivery-point availability for public-benefit services. We argue that based on the established demand for private medical services in Africa, these providers should be included in future planning on human resources for public health. Having explored the range of systems that have been tested for working with private providers, from contracting to vouchers to behavioural change and provider education, we conclude that franchising has the greatest potential for integration into large-scale programmes in Africa to address critical illnesses of public health importance.

Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage prevention at home birth: an integrative review of global implementation experience to date

BackgroundHemorrhage continues to be a leading cause of maternal death in developing countries. The 2012 World Health Organization guidelines for the prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) recommend oral administration of misoprostol by community health workers (CHWs). However, there are several outstanding questions about distribution of misoprostol for PPH prevention at home births.MethodsWe conducted an integrative review of published research studies and evaluation reports from programs that distributed misoprostol at the community level for prevention of PPH at home births. We reviewed methods and cadres involved in education of end-users, drug administration, distribution, and coverage, correct and incorrect usage, and serious adverse events.ResultsEighteen programs were identified; only seven reported all data of interest. Programs utilized a range of strategies and timings for distributing misoprostol. Distribution rates were higher when misoprostol was distributed at a home visit during late pregnancy (54.5-96.9%) or at birth (22.5-83.6%), compared to antenatal care (ANC) distribution at any ANC visit (22.5-49.1%) or late ANC visit (21.0-26.7%). Coverage rates were highest when CHWs and traditional birth attendants distributed misoprostol and lower when health workers/ANC providers distributed the medication. The highest distribution and coverage rates were achieved by programs that allowed self-administration. Seven women took misoprostol prior to delivery out of more than 12,000 women who were followed-up. Facility birth rates increased in the three programs for which this information was available. Fifty-one (51) maternal deaths were reported among 86,732 women taking misoprostol: 24 were attributed to perceived PPH; none were directly attributed to use of misoprostol. Even if all deaths were attributable to PPH, the equivalent ratio (59 maternal deaths/100,000 live births) is substantially lower than the reported maternal mortality ratio in any of these countries.ConclusionsCommunity-based programs for prevention of PPH at home birth using misoprostol can achieve high distribution and use of the medication, using diverse program strategies. Coverage was greatest when misoprostol was distributed by community health agents at home visits. Programs appear to be safe, with an extremely low rate of ante- or intrapartum administration of the medication.

Community mobilization to reduce postpartum hemorrhage in home births in northern Nigeria

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the importance of community mobilization in the uptake of a health intervention, namely, community-based distribution of misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Community mobilization to increase access to misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage prevention was implemented in northwestern Nigeria in 2009. Theories of community participation and the current near-epidemic maternal mortality conditions underpin an approach using modest levels of community involvement. The study was undertaken in five communities around Zaria, Nigeria. Community leaders and selected community members participated in a series of dialogs. Additionally, community education, information and dramas sessions were held. Twenty nine community oriented resource persons (CORPs), 27 drug keepers and 41 traditional birth attendants (TBAs) were involved in the intervention. Postpartum interviews were used to assess the impact of community mobilization efforts and to track use of misoprostol. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between correct use and receiving information regarding misoprostol from TBAs or CORPs. A total of 1875 women were enrolled in the study in 2009. Most women delivered at home (95%) and skilled attendance at delivery was low (7%). Community mobilization efforts reached most women with information about postpartum hemorrhage and misoprostol (88%), resulting in high comprehension of intervention messages. Women identified TBAs and CORPs as the single most important source of information about misoprostol 41% and 31% of the time, respectively. Availability of misoprostol at the community level gave 79% of enrolled women some protection against postpartum hemorrhage which they otherwise would not have had. Although high level community participation in health care interventions is the ideal, this study suggests that even in circumstances where only modest levels of participation can realistically be achieved, community mobilization can have a significant impact on the successful distribution and uptake of a potentially life-saving health intervention, in turn helping promote policy change.

Task shifting and sharing in Tigray, Ethiopia, to achieve comprehensive emergency obstetric care

To assess the contribution of nonphysician clinicians (NPCs) to comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) in Tigray, Ethiopia.