Neil S. Grigg

Integrated water resources management: balancing views and improving practice

Integrated water resources management is a conceptual framework that is meant to describe the complexity of water decisions and the importance of balancing stakeholder viewpoints. Implementation is difficult because of institutional barriers and because of definitional confusion over the precise meaning of IWRM. Improved governance is required to overcome institutional barriers. Specific and unambiguous language may reduce confusion, but it may oversimplify the complexity. The present paper offers a brief definition of integrated water resources management and a list of seven elements for integration. Brief examples are then given from different countries in order to illustrate each of these elements. Coordination across geographic areas is recognized as a special challenge of integration and emerging efforts toward integration in some countries will bear close scrutiny to measure their success. Regardless of the ultimate success in promoting the concept of integrated water resources management, it communicates to stakeholders the notion that water decisions require balance and the promotion of shared values, such as conservation and the alleviation of poverty. If institutional barriers and confusion about the concept are overcome, actual improvements in water stewardship may result.

Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Infrastructure Management

• Addresses how to make a business case for infrastructure funding • Demonstrates how to apply up-to-date methods for capital improvement planning and budgeting • Outlines the latest developments in infrastructure asset management • Identifies cutting-edge developments in information technology applied to infrastructure management • Presents a realistic view of how risk management is applied to urban water infrastructure settings • Explains the latest maintenance and operations methods for water, wastewater, and stormwater systems

A Framework for an Agent-Based Model to Manage Water Resources Conflicts

Competition for use of water is increasing and leads to many conflicts among competing interests with complex goals and water management systems. Technical system models are essential to create performance and other decision information, but models to simulate views of the competing parties are also needed to help resolve or mitigate conflicts. Agent-based models (ABMs) offer promise to fill this role, and in this study a new approach to agent-based modeling is introduced to simulate the behavior and interactions of the parties participating in a conflict scenario, which is modeled as a game. To develop this framework, we considered water issues of California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region as an example of a long-standing situation, with emphasis on the San Joaquin watershed. However, this approach can be used in other watersheds and more complex systems. The ABM explains the interactions among the parties and how they can be encouraged to cooperate in the game to work toward a solution. The model also enables decision-makers to test management scenarios and understand the consequences of their decisions on different stakeholders and their behaviors.

Assessment and renewal of water distribution systems

A utilitys decision to be proactive or reactive in renewal planning hinges on how well it understands its risk calculation and the costs and benefits of pipeline renewal.

Integrated Water Resource Management

with general statements such as “water problems are complex and should be approached through integrated solutions.” While people may agree with such general language, they may not have the same shared understanding of what it means. A specifi c issue, such as asseting that “drought water shortages are caused by too much water diverted to fi sh and wildlife,” may foster common understanding and also lead to productive dialog. Th e approach taken in the book is to use specifi c language and examples to facilitate the discussion. Th e presentation is structured according to integrative frameworks, problem scenarios (archetypes), and disciplinary knowledge (Fig. 1.4 ). In the diagram the integrative concepts and disciplinary knowledge levels provide the intellectual content of IWRM and the problem scenarios provide the examples to clarify the discussion. Notice from the fi gure how the problem scenarios tend to circle around confl ict management as a unifying theme. Disciplines, such as engineering and law, are inputs to formulation of solution strategies. Integrative frameworks, such as governance and planning, provide structure for these disciplinary inputs to the problem scenarios. Th e problem scenarios align with the stages in the general problemsolving process shown in Fig. 1.5 . Th e diagram shows how water needs of people and the environment drive planning and analysis to create and evaluate alternative ways to meet the needs. After these alternatives or choices have been evaluated, decisions are made about implementation of actions to lead to the outcomes required to meet the needs. Th is creates a needs-plans-actions sequence which is informed by knowledge and controlled by policy and governance, which are manifest through laws and regulations. Due to the need for collective action, the planning-to-decision phase must include stakeholder involvement. A businesslike approach will require organization and management to be applied to the process, especially in the decision-to-action phase. To support these processes, there is a need to explain the issues to various groups to facilitate collective action and positive results in negotiations. Financing mechanisms are critical, and apply directly in the action phase. Th e intended results of the water system outcomes are to benefi t people and nature in a sustainable way. 1 Water as a Connector Among Societal Needs 11

Jakarta flooding: systems study of socio-technical forces

This paper uses tools from systems thinking to address flood problems from multiple perspectives with a case study of flooding in Jakarta, Indonesia, which faces a daunting challenge due to its topography, climate, congested areas and inadequate infrastructure. While it cannot solve flood problems with structural measures alone, Jakarta can incorporate risk management into development strategies and policies, implement an effective early warning system and integrated emergency response programme as well as improve law enforcement; it can also work to develop a culture of resilience through collective strategies, greater public awareness and a flood management information system.

Water governance: from ideals to effective strategies

Integrated water solutions require effective governance, as well as appropriate technologies and management instruments. While decision scenarios vary across a range of water demands and scales, common patterns of governance are involved. The paper explains these patterns in terms of how policy, empowerment and control are applied in distinct ways in different water management scenarios. Principles of effective water governance emerge from the case discussions, and illustrate how decision makers can identify the actions needed for policy, empowerment and control as well as make progress even while other institutional arrangements continue to evolve.

The 2011-2012 drought in the United States: new lessons from a record event

The record-setting 2011–2012 drought was the worst in the central regions of the United States since the 1930s. Short-term impacts included crop failures, job losses, water shortages, energy impacts, navigation problems and environmental losses. The event reinforced the need for water security and preparedness through */collective actions for mitigation and response. It showed that innovations in water management can improve resilience but cannot mitigate all risks; comprehensive water-management and emergency-preparedness solutions are needed, based on effective collaboration between institutions. The main lesson of this complex and significant drought is about the need to strengthen intergovernmental cooperation and policy responses.

Infrastructure finance : the business of infrastructure for a sustainable future

Preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Infrastructure Finance. What is Infrastructure Business? Infrastructure Then and Now. A System of Systems. Sector Structure and Size. Estimating the Per Capita Cost. Need for New Approaches. Summary. Part One Infrastructure Sectors and Investments. Chapter 2 Models of the Infrastructure Sectors. Classification System. Infrastructure and Service Organizations. Business Models of Infrastructure Subsectors. How Infrastructure Systems Serve the Built Environment. Matrix of Owners and Users of Infrastructure Systems. Infrastructure and Services: Structures and Equipment. Infrastructure Support Sector. Summary. Chapter 3 Infrastructure and the ConstructedEnvironment. Land Uses in the Built Environment. Growth and Change in Urban Areas. Financial Assets in the Built Environment. Housing Finance as an Engine of Development. Commercial and Central City Development. Impact Fees and the Growth Pays Its Own Way Philosophy. Future Cities and Infrastructure. Summary of Issues and Outlook. Chapter 4 Transportation Sector. Sector Structure and Size. Road and Highway Systems. Mass Transit Systems. Air Travel and Airports. Intercity Rail Systems. Intercity Bus Transportation. Water-based Transportation. Pipelines. Sector Issues and Outlook. Chapter 5 Telecommunications Sector. Why Telecommunications Is an Infrastructure Sector. Then and Now. Sector Structure and Size. Internet. Telecommunication Companies. Sector Issues and Outlook. Chapter 6 Energy Sector. Sector Structure and Size. Energy Trends. Electric Power Industry. Natural Gas Industry. Petroleum Industry. Coal Industry. Nuclear Power Industry. Renewables. Energy Storage. Hydrogen Energy. Sector Issues and Outlook. Chapter 7 Water and Wastewater Sector. Then and Now. Sector Structure and Size. Financial Framework of the Sector. Financial Issues. Business Profiles. Water Industry Support Businesses. Privatization in the Water Sector. Investing in Water as a Commodity. Industry Policy and Regulation. Coordination in the Water Sector. Sector Issues and Outlook. Chapter 8 Waste Management Sector. Sector Structure and Size. Categories of Solid Wastes. Recycling and the Materials Industry. Sector Issues and Outlook. Chapter 9 Infrastructure and the ConstructionIndustry. Then and Now. The Construction Industry Today. Organization of the Industry by Function and Sector. Organization by Business Lines. Project Delivery and Finance. Construction Companies. Sector Issues and Outlook. Chapter 10 Investor and Business Opportunities inInfrastructure. Then and Now. Bond Market. Stocks of Infrastructure Companies. Infrastructure Funds. Infrastructure Indices. Commodity Markets. Mortgage-backed Securities. Private Equity and Infrastructure. The Infrastructure Support Sector. Infrastructure Investment Media. Corruption in the Infrastructure Business. International Spending Plans. Investment Issues and Outlook. Part Two Financing Infrastructure. Chapter 11: A Scorecard for InfrastructurePerformance. Tracking Infrastructure Performance. What Systems to Measure? What Are the Performance Standards? How Much Do They Cost? How Ready Are They to Perform? Financial and Economic Data on Infrastructure. Infrastructure Scorecard. Summary. Chapter 12 Financial Models for InfrastructureOrganizations. General Management Model. General Financing Model. Sector Financing Models. How Governments Can Improve Infrastructure Performance. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). Regulation. Summary. Chapter 13 Capital Markets for Infrastructure. Capital Requirements of Sectors. Capital Flows of Infrastructure. Capital Structure of Infrastructure Sectors. Sources of Capital. Investment Banking. Summary. Chapter 14 Revenues for the Infrastructure Sectors. Flow of Revenues. Rate-setting for Infrastructure-based Services. Rate Regulation. Revenue and Cost of Service Analysis. Tax Revenues and Subsidies. Infrastructure Revenue by Sector. Summary. Part Three Looking Toward the Future. Chapter 15 Opportunities and Risks forInfrastructure. Infrastructure as a Policy Sector. Infrastructure Policy Elements. Sector Issues. Transformational Issues. Appendix A: Data Sources. Appendix B: Infrastructure Companies. Appendix C: Acronyms. References. About the Author. Index.

Failure Assessment Model to Prioritize Pipe Replacement in Water Utility Asset Management

OF DISSERTATION FAILURE ASSESSMENT MODEL TO PRIORITIZE PIPE REPLACEMENT IN WATER UTILITY ASSET MANAGEMENT The condition of a water distribution system has strong correlations with community health and economic development. However, studies indicate an urgent need to upgrade the nations aging and deteriorating distribution systems if they are to continue to provide customers with reliable and safe water supplies. In response, water utilities are using various performance measurement initiatives including pipeline asset management. These require assessment of each pipelines condition to identify failure-prone pipes and prioritize their renewal. However, the below ground location of the pipes and lack of standard guidelines or tools to assist in assessment make pipeline assessment and renewal decisions difficult. In this research, a pipe failure assessment model was developed and tested to assist water utilities with their pipe renewal decisions. A conceptual model was created from a review of case studies, theories and asset management tools. The model consists of several modules (components) written in Visual Basic for Application (VBA) within a Microsoft Excel platform. Rather than requiring extensive field data to determine the cause of breaks, the models failure prediction module and Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) modules use pipe inventory and break data compiled from the utilitys existing operation