Nelsy Fenerich-Verani

Fish Communities Associated with Macrophytes in Brazilian Floodplain Lakes

The composition, diversity and similarity of fish communities associated with macrophytes of two oxbow lakes of Mogi-Guaçu River, São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated in the wet and dry seasons of 1994–1995. Fish species composition and relative abundance values were similar for both lakes, despite their difference in connection time to the river and the abundance of macrophytes. The fish communities were predominantly composed by small sized species typical of lentic environments (Characidae), juveniles of large non-migratory species (Erythrinidae and Gymnotidae) and a few juveniles of migratory species (Anostomidae and Curimatidae). These lakes are not characterized as nurseries for the young of migratory species and the zooplankton does not have an important role as food in the ontogenetic development of migratory species of fish.

Electrofishing as a sampling technique for coastal stream fish populations and communities in the Southeast of Brazil

Electrofishing adequacy was tested as a technique to obtain quantitative data of coastal stream fish populations and communities in the Southeast of Brazil. Seven field trips, between July/94 and July/95, were done in 5 localities of the Ubatiba fluvial system (Maricá, RJ). Seventeen species, among the 22 collected, had their numbers estimated through the Zipping method, the model used to test the sampling methodology. At each field trip, three removals with electrofishing were done in each locality and, according to the number of obtained species at each locality/field trip, we analysed 315 cases. Nineteen cases, among 315, showed failure condition. Estimates were significant (p < 0.01) in 96% of the studied cases. Non-significant cases were obtained for rare species due to over and randomly efficient electrofishing in 63.3% and 36.4% of the cases, respectively. No correlation was found between catchability and the estimated number of individuals and/or environmental characteristics. High values for sampling efficiency (> 85%) were found for all estimates. An experimental analyses were done for one locality and, the comparison between the estimates for 3 and 6 successive removals showed a mean error and a standard deviation of 5.5% and 2.1% respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that electrofishing was an efficient method for quantitative data analysis of fish populations and communities in the Ubatiba fluvial system.

Reproductive biology of a characidiinae (osteichthyes, characidae) from the Ubatiba river, Maricá -- RJ

The Ubatiba river is a coastal stream subject to stochastic spates all over the year and, Characidium sp.n. is among the twenty-two species that compose its ichthyofauna. In this study we analyse some traits of its reproductive biology and discuss whether the adopted strategy has causal relationship with the environmental variables. Specimens were collected in the upper Ubatiba river. Samplings, were carried out monthly by electrofishing, between Oct./94 and Sep./95. Some differences between male and female strategies were observed. Females were significantly (p < 0.05) bigger than males; length--weight relationship was different (p < 0.05) between sexes with the onset of sexual maturity occuring at smaller sizes among males. Reproductive investment is high for both males and females but higher for males, maximum Gonadosomatic Index for females and males were 40.97% and 44.90%, respectively. Reproductive specimens were registered all over the year, suggesting continuous reproduction. High values of fecundity were also registered varying from 1342 to 5535 eggs for ripe females of 4.4 and 7.0 cm, respectively and an amount of 1105 oocytes per grams of fish. We suggest that differences in the reproductive strategy, between sexes, determine the observed patterns in the size structure; the absence of males in the higher SL classes could be a consequence of high mortality rates and/or reduction in the growth rates as a precocity consequence in the onset of reproduction and/or high reproductive investment. Relationship between continuous reproduction and environmental condition could be explained as an adaptation to maximise supervivency of the young fishes that is: guarantee the species maintenance in a stochastic environment.

The size composition of the eggs of curimbatá, Prochilodus scrofa Steindachner 1881, induced to spawn with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Abstract Curimbata, Prochilodus scrofa , were examined and selected for induced spawning with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Intra-ovarian eggs were sampled and size composition was analyzed. With 21 females, two doses of HCG were applied at 10-h intervals, 5 IU and 10 IU per gram of total weight. According to response, three distinct groups were identified. For the groups where eggs were successfully fertilized, followed by embryonic development, the percent frequency distribution of egg diameter was unimodal with a constant mode of 1111.15 μm. It is suggested that for P. scrofa , selection of recipient females can be made on egg frequency-diameter distribution.

Stream-dwelling fish communities from an Atlantic rain forest drainage

Twenty-two species were registered in the Ubatiba system with a predominance of Characiformes and Siluriformes followed by Cyprinodontiformes, Perciformes and Synbranchiformes. Among these species four were occasional with one or two sampled individuals and restricted to one or two of the nine studied sites; the other 18 species were constant with high densities in at least one site. Most of the sampled sites presented between 11 and 18 species, all largely distributed; except for the uppermost site, located right over a waterfall 4m high, which showed at least four species and for the confluence site that presented 18 species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that environmental variables explained a great part of the density and distribution patterns of the fish species, showing that community structure of each locality was independent from the longitudinal succession, theoretically expected by the River Continuum Concept, and hardly explained by local environmental characteristics.

Reprodução induzida da piabanha, Brycon insignis (Steindachner, 1876), mantida em cativeiro

Studies of induced spawning of piabanha, Brycon insignis, were developed from January to February/96 and February/97, with 3 to 5 years old individuals maintained in captivity. The selected females presented swollen abdomen and red genital papilla, 60% of oocytes with eccentric germinal vesicle. Thirty-three females were induced to spawning through a single dose of 5 IU/g of hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin); 17 females received two application: 0.5 and 5 mg/kg of crude carp pituitary extract in an interval of 10 hours; 18 received one application of 0.5 mg/kg of crude carp pituitary extract and, after 10 hours, 5 IU/g of hCG; and 5 females received a single dose of 0.9% saline solution. About 10 hours after the last hormonal application, 43 females responded positively to the hormonal treatment releasing eggs by extrusion. The percent frequency distribution of the oocytes diameter in the initial sample presented unimodal tendency, with mode in 1250 µm. Considering the different hormones utilized, the most efficient was hCG in a single dose and the less efficient was the hormone of carp pituitary applicated in two doses. The males received one dose of 3 IU/g of hCG. The females released a mean of 24,690 eggs, wich after fertilization and hydration presented an sphere form, were demesal and non-adhesive, with mean diameter from 3785 to 3900 µm, and had an expressive perivitelin space and a hard chorion. The rate of fertilization ranged from 20 to 96% and that of hatching, from 0 to 85%. The water temperature was 26oC ± 1oC.

Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

The structure of Cichla kelberi population was characterized regarding the sex ratio, total length composition and some reproductive characteristics. The specimens were collected in two periods, from November 2002 to November 2003 and from December 2004 to May 2006. The sex ratio was significantly different than 1:1. The total length varied from 3.4 to 40.1 cm, with individuals in the shortest length classes occurring throughout the year, but with greater incidence in the warmer periods. Females and males reached similar lengths and there was no difference between the sexes regarding the length-weight relationship. The estimated values of condition factor were near the central value of 1.0 and decreased during the cooler months, coinciding with periods of lower reproductive activity. Individuals with mature or semi-spent gonads occurred from November to April, indicating that Cichla kelberi reproduces for a long period of time. The spawning is partitioned, with an average absolute fecundity of 6072 oocytes (from 5220 to 6908 oocytes). The high relative condition factor values, long reproductive period, large output of fingerlings and high fecundity are biological conditions that indicate the species is well adapted in this reservoir.

Masculinização da tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, utilizando diferentes rações e diferentes doses de 17 a-metiltestosterona

The objectives of the present study were to compare the efficiency of two diets: 1 (NUTRAVIT) and 2 (IP), both with 40% of crude protein, containing the synthetic androgen hormone 17 a-methyltestosterone (MT) and to analyze the most effective dose of this hormone on the sex reversal of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, throughout histological analysis of the gonads and sex determination of the samples. A total of 9600 Nile tilapia fries with seven days posthatching received the following treatments, per 45 days period: A- 30 mg MT/kg diet 1; B- 60 mg MT/kg diet 1; C- 30 mg MT/kg diet 2; D- 60 mg MT/kg diet 2 and two control groups, E and F with diets 1 and 2 hormone free, respectively. The results of chi-square tests of the frequency data of males and females after the treatments and of analysis of histological and macroscopic characteristics showed that the numbers of males obtained by A, B, C and D treatments was higher than the control groups and the dose of 60 mg MT/kg of diet, as for the diets 1 and 2, was more efficient, resulting in 98% of males. Among diets, the treatment A with diet 1 was better than the treatment C with diet two, for the dose of30 mg MT/kg of diet. There was no difference among diets for the dose of 60 mg MT/kg of the diet.

Reproductive traits of the yellow-mandi catfish Pime/odus maculatus Lacepede (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes) in captive breeding

Pimelodus maculatus Lacepede, 1803 is an important fish of the Sao Francisco river basin, where it is economically significant in both professional and sports fisheries. The fish, maintained in captivity, was subjected to hypophysation with crude caip pituitary extract. Approximately 70% of the females treated spawned viable eggs. The eggs were opaque, demersal, yellow and free. Egg stripping was performed at 213 hour-degrees (duration = 8.3 h) after the second dose injection, at water temperature of 25-26oC. Hatching occurred at 394 hour-degrees (duration = 16.3 h) after egg fertilization, at water temperature of 24-25oC. Egg fertilization rate was 64.8%. The relationship between absolute fecundity (AF), initial fertility (IF) and final fertility (FF) and body weight are expressed, respectively, by AF = - 331 + 181717 Wt (r2 = 0.62), IF = - 16839+ 158123 Wt (r2 = 0.65), and FF = -9874 + 100365 Wt (r2 = 0.63).

Patterns of gene expression during Prochilodus scrofa (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) embryogenesis—II. Soluble malate dehydrogenase

Abstract 1. 1. The patterns of expression of the lactate dehydrogenase loci in the differentiated adult tissues and in the early embryonic stages (0.8–180 hr post-fertilization) of curimbata, Prochilodus scrofa, were investigated. 2. 2. As in other Characiformes species, only two bidirectionally divergent LDH loci—LDH-A∗ and B ∗ were differentially expressed among the tissues and sequentially during the embryogenesis of this species. The LDH-A∗ locus was expressed predominantly in white skeletal muscle, and the B ∗ locus in all other tissues examined. 3. 3. LDH-B4 was present throughout embryogenesis and was the unique LDH isozyme until 20 hr post-fertilization (post-hatching). Ldh-A subunit activity, however, was detected only 34 hr post-fertilization (stage 7) and then, only as heterotetramers containing Ldh-B subunits. This later development detection of A subunits and the appearance of both subunits under heteropolymeric forms suggest the concomitant synthesis of these two subunits at this time of development. 4. 4. The A subunits, which predominate in skeletal muscle where they presumably play an important biochemical role in anaerobic energy production, are first detected when curimbata larvae show more accentuate swimming motions. 5. 5. Three allelic variants for LDH-A∗ locus, A ∗ 300 , A ∗ 1000 and A ∗ -400 were detected in adult curimbata. In heterozygous embryos (offspring from matings type II, III and IV), heteropolymers with maternal and/or paternal A100 and A1000 subunits are synchronously expressed 34 hr post-fertilization.