Neroli Pedro Cogo

Variabilidade de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo em um pomar cítrico

With the objective of assisting sampling systems and planning orange experiments, soil variability was assessed in a twelve-year-old orange orchard, cv. Pera, grown on a dystrophic Yellow Latosol of medium texture plain relief, in Governador Mangabeira, State of Bahia, Brazil, 1990. A transect consisting of 50 trees, spaced 4 m apart, was sampled. Soil samples were taken from a fixed point under the tree drip line on the successively fertilized strip. Results showed that only phosphorus and gravimetric soil moisture followed normal distribution, while the other soil properties followed log-normal distribution. The highest coefficients of variation were found for potassium and phosphorus, and the lowest for base saturation, pH in CaCl2, pH in water, and total sand. Excepting for base saturation and aluminium, which showed random distribution, the other soil properties exhibited spatial dependence ranging from 18 m (total sand and clay) to 59 m (organic matter, calcium, magnesium, Ca + Mg, and total exchangeable base).

Erosão hídrica em diferentes preparos do solo logo após as colheitas de milho e trigo, na presença e na ausência dos resíduos culturais

A rotating-boom rainfall simulator, operating at a constant rainfall intensity of 64 mm h-1 for sufficient time to runoff reaches steady-rate, was used to investigate water erosion and other related parameters in three tillage systems. The experiments were carried out immediately following corn and wheat harvesting, in a sandy loam Red-Yellow Podzolic soil (Paleudult) with a 0.066 m m-1 average slope, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1992 to 1994. No-tillage, chiselling and disk-plowing followed by disking, were studied in the presence and absence of fresh crop residues. Results showed that no-tillage and disk plowing followed by disking, combined with residues maintained on the surface, reduced soil losses more efficiently than when the residues were removed. No-tillage, with residues maintained, was the most efficient system to control erosion, while disk plowing followed by disking, without residues, was the least efficient. Water losses followed the same tendency of soil losses, although being less affected by the treatments.

Variabilidade de fósforo, potássio e matéria orgânica no solo em relação a sistemas de manejo

Soil spatial variability of phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter was studied in different soils and management systems, in two counties: a) Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on a Dark Red Podzolic-Kandiudult (conventional tillage, no-tillage, minimum tillage, and pasture), using a grid sampling of 1 x 1 m and at depths of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m; b) Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on a Dusky Red Latosol - Hapludox (conventional tillage and no-tillage) and on a Dark Red Latosol-Hapludox (pasture), using a grid sampling of 10 x 10 m and at depths of 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m. Wheat yield variability was studied only in Passo Fundo by harvesting areas of 1 m2. The highest variability was found for phosphorus and potassium, with values approaching a lognormal distribution. Spatial correlation was found, in most of the cases, for soil properties of at the management systems studied, as well as for wheat yield. No-tillage exhibited greater coefficients of variation and lower spatial dependence ranges and, therefore, was assumed to be responsible for greater variability of these soil properties than the other systems. The least soil variability occurred with pasture. No-tillage also exhibited positive cross-correlation for wheat yield with phosphorus, with potassium, and with organic matter.

Comprimentos críticos de rampa para diferentes manejos de resíduos culturais em sistema de semeadura direta em um Argissolo Vermelho da depressão central (RS)

Erosion control benefits provided by conservation tillage can be diminished if mulch fails or loses its effectiveness. A field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Eldorado do Sul, RGS, Brazil, on a 0.105 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Ultisol, to investigate mulch failure for different forms of residue management under no-till system. Simulated rainfall (63.5 mm h-1) was applied with the rotating-boom rainfall simulator until steady-runoff rates were obtained, when extra-inflow consisting of clear water was added at the upper end of the plots to simulate longer slope lengths. Ten-levels of extra-inflow ranged from 16 to 197 (10-5) m3 s-1 m-1, with a duration of 7-min each. Treatments consisted of fresh oat (Oct/97) and soybean (May/98) residues, and semi-decomposed corn and soybean residues (150 and 175 days after harvesting, Oct/97-98, respectively), in different rates and management forms. Mulch failure was identified, and critical slope lengths calculated, using visual observations in the field and a theoretical criterion, based on the relationship between erosion and discharge rates at the midpoint of the plot. Calculated, critical slope-length intervals ranged from 29-58 m (3,950 kg ha-1 of unanchored, semi-decomposed soybean residue) to 152-164 m (6,200 kg ha-1 of semi-anchored, semi-decomposed corn residue). There was no evidence of mulch failure for the 5,600 kg ha-1 semi-anchored oat residue treatment. The results proved that slope-length limits may exist under no-till system, and that mulch failure criteria can be helpful for a better RUSLEs C-factor evaluation, as well as for determining terrace spacing in this system, resulting in its increased effectiveness for erosion control. Critical slope lengths, however, will vary with rainfall, soil, slope, and management decisions.

Reconsolidation of the soil surface after tillage discontinuity, with and without cultivation, related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE

Site-specific regression coefficient values are essential for erosion prediction with empirical models. With the objective to investigate the surface-soilconsolidation factor, Cf, linked to the RUSLEs prior-land-use subfactor, PLU, an erosion experiment using simulated rainfall on a 0.075 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, was conducted at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (EEA/UFRGS), in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Firstly, a row-cropped area was excluded from cultivation (March 1995), the existing crop residue removed from the field, and the soil kept clean-tilled the rest of the year (to get a degraded soil condition for the intended purpose of this research). The soil was then conventional-tilled for the last time (except for a standard plot which was kept continuously cleantilled for comparison purposes), in January 1996, and the following treatments were established and evaluated for soil reconsolidation and soil erosion until May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) fresh-tilled soil, continuously in clean-tilled fallow (unit plot); (b) reconsolidating soil without cultivation; and (c) reconsolidating soil with cultivation (a crop sequence of three corn- and two black oats cycles, continuously in no-till, removing the crop residues after each harvest for rainfall application and redistributing them on the site after that). Simulated rainfall was applied with a Swansons type, rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at 63.5 mm h-1 intensity and 90 min duration, six times during the two-and-half years of experimental period (at the beginning of the study and after each crop harvest, with the soil in the unit plot being retilled before each rainfall test). The soil-surface-consolidation factor, Cf, was calculated by dividing soil loss values from the reconsolidating soil treatments by the average value from the fresh-tilled soil treatment (unit plot). Non-linear regression was used to fit the Cf = eb.t model through the calculated Cf-data, where t is time in days since last tillage. Values for b were -0.0020 for the reconsolidating soil without cultivation and -0.0031 for the one with cultivation, yielding Cf-values equal to 0.16 and 0.06, respectively, after two-and-half years of tillage discontinuation, compared to 1.0 for fresh-tilled soil. These estimated Cf-values correspond, respectively, to soil loss reductions of 84 and 94 %, in relation to soil loss from the fresh-tilled soil, showing that the soil surface reconsolidated intenser with cultivation than without it. Two distinct treatmentinherent soil surface conditions probably influenced the rapid decay-rate of Cfvalues in this study, but, as a matter of a fact, they were part of the real environmental field conditions. Cf-factor curves presented in this paper are therefore useful for predicting erosion with RUSLE, but their application is restricted to situations where both soil type and particular soil surface condition are similar to the ones investigate in this study.

EROSIVIDADE DAS CHUVAS DE LAGES, SANTA CATARINA

The erosive capacity of rainfall can be expressed by an index and knowing it allows recommendation of soil management and conservation practices to reduce water erosion. The objective of this study was to calculate various indices of rainfall erosivity in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, identify the best one, and discover its temporal distribution. The study was conducted at the Center of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Lages, Santa Catarina, using daily rainfall charts from 1989 to 2012. Using the computer program Chuveros , 107 erosivity indices were obtained, which were based on maximum intensity in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 210, and 240 min of duration and on the combination of these intensities with the kinetic energy obtained by the equations of Brown & Foster, Wagner & Massambani, and Wischmeier & Smith. The indices of the time period from 1993 to 2012 were correlated with the respective soil losses from the standard plot of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in order to select the erosivity index for the region. Erosive rainfall accounted for 83 % of the mean annual total volume of 1,533 mm. The erosivity index (R factor) of rainfall recommended for Lages is the EI30, whose mean annual value is 5,033 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, and of this value, 66 % occurs from September to February. Mean annual erosivity has a return period estimated at two years with a 50 % probability of occurrence.

Perdas de água, solo, matéria orgânica e nutriente por erosão hídrica na cultura do milho implantada em área de campo nativo, influenciadas por métodos de preparo do solo e tipos de adubação

Despite the available knowledge on erosion of cultivated lands, there are situations of soil use and management that need more detailed studies. Based on that, this research work was accomplished with the objective of evaluating soil erosion by rainfall from an area of native pasture cropped with corn (Zea mays L.), under reduced-tillage and no-tillage, and mineral (chemical fertilizer containing N and P) and organic (poultry litter) fertilization. The study was developed in the field, at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (EEA/UFRGS), RS, Brazil, in the summer of 2006/2007, by applying simulated rainfall on an Ultisol having sandy loam texture in the surface layer and 0.13 m m-1 average slope steepness. Two erosion tests in the research, were performed, each one of them at the constant 64.0 mm h-1 rainfall intensity and for 1.5 h duration, by using the rotating boom rainfall simulator. The first test was performed soon after treatments establishment, at corn seeding, and the second one 75 days later, at corn tasseling. Soil and plant attributes were evaluated in the experimental plots and those of water erosion in the surface runoff. It was observed that the crop growth and the erosion losses were influenced by the studied treatments. Corn grew better in reduced-tillage, regardless of fertilization type. Soil loss occurred only in reduced-tillage and in the first erosion test, in very small amount, regardless of the fertilization type. Water, organic matter, and nutrients losses occurred in all treatments and erosion tests, in variable amounts, generally being higher in no-tillage and in the first erosion test. The pH of the runoff varied little and no trends in treatments and erosion tests were observed, whereas electric conductivity and mean concentrations of organic matter and nutrients varied widely and clear trends could be observed. This latter aspect repeated with the accumulated total amounts of organic matter and nutrients lost by erosion. The highest accumulated total amounts of nutrients lost by erosion were observed for K in both organic and mineral fertilization, for P in mineral fertilization, and for N in both organic and mineral fertilization, in this decreasing order of values and all under no-tillage. Accumulated total amounts of nutrients lost by erosion lower than the ones just mentioned, but still significant, were observed for K in practically all other treatments and for N under reduced-tillage with organic fertilization.

Variabilidade dos teores de nutrientes na folha, entre plantas, em um pomar cítrico

The variability of leaf nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron) was assessed in a twelve-year-old orange orchard, cv. Pera, grown on a dystrophic Yellow Latosol of medium texture plain relief, in Governador Mangabeira, State of Bahia, Brazil, 1990. A transect consisting of 50 trees, spaced four meters apart, was sampled. Twenty leaves were collected from each tree. The leaves were taken from four different points of the crown, opposite two by two, and from branches bearing fruits. Results showed that nitrogen, magnesium, zinc, and copper followed normal distribution, while phosphorus, potassium, calcium, manganese, and iron followed log-normal distribution. The highest coefficients of variation were found for K and Cu, and the lowest was for N. With the exception of P and Cu, which showed random distribution, the other nutrients exhibited spatial dependence, which ranged from 20 m (Mg) to 50 m (Ca). Positive cross-correlation was detected between soil organic matter and leaf nitrogen.

Erodibilidade de um nitossolo háplico alumínico determinada em condições de campo

The term soil erodibility (factor K in the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE) expresses the natural susceptibility of a soil to water erosion. The K factor stands for the soil loss rate per unit of rainfall erosivity (factor R in the USLE). Knowledge on the K factor, as well as about the other factors of the USLE, is important to establish soil conservation strategies since they permit the estimation of soil loss rates by water erosion under specific climate, soil, topography, and management conditions. Soil losses data from fallowed or continuously tilled plots, using simulated rainfall, were obtained in the period from November, 2001 to March, 2004, in the South of the Planalto Catarinense, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, and used to calculate the soil erodibility of an Hapludox with 0.15 m m-1 slope. The K factor was calculated by the ratio of the soil losses by the rainfall erosivity values (EI30 index). It was also estimated through simple linear regression analysis based on the two variables. Eleven rainfall tests with the rotating-boom rainfall simulator were performed to obtain the necessary data for this study, using 3.5 x 11.0 m plots that were maintained under continuous tillage or fallowed for two years before the rainfall tests began. The soil erodibility for this soil was determined at 0.011 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ -1 mm-1 when calculated based on he soil losses/rainfall erosivity ratio and 0.012 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ -1 mm-1 when estimated by simple linear regression.

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DECOMPOSITION OF A DESICCATED GRASS PASTURE BIOMASS RELATED TO EROSION AND ITS PREDICTION WITH RUSLE

Erosion is deleterious because it reduces the soils productivity capacity for growing crops and causes sedimentation and water pollution problems. Surface and buried crop residue, as well as live and dead plant roots, play an important role in erosion control. An efficient way to assess the effectiveness of such materials in erosion reduction is by means of decomposition constants as used within the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation - RUSLEs prior-land-use subfactor - PLU. This was investigated using simulated rainfall on a 0.12 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study area had been covered by native grass pasture for about fifteen years. By the middle of March 1996, the sod was mechanically mowed and the crop residue removed from the field. Late in April 1996, the sod was chemically desiccated with herbicide and, about one month later, the following treatments were established and evaluated for sod biomass decomposition and soil erosion, from June 1996 to May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) and (b) soil without tillage, with surface residue and dead roots; (c) soil without tillage, with dead roots only; (d) soil tilled conventionally every two-and-half months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue; and (e) soil tilled conventionally every six months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue. Simulated rainfall was applied with a rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at an intensity of 63.5 mm h-1 for 90 min, eight to nine times during the experimental period (about every two-and-half months). Surface and subsurface sod biomass amounts were measured before each rainfall test along with the erosion measurements of runoff rate, sediment concentration in runoff, soil loss rate, and total soil loss. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using an exponential and a power model. Surface sod biomass decomposition was better depicted by the exponential model, while subsurface sod biomass was by the power model. Subsurface sod biomass decomposed faster and more than surface sod biomass, with dead roots in untilled soil without residue on the surface decomposing more than dead roots in untilled soil with surface residue. Tillage type and frequency did not appreciably influence subsurface sod biomass decomposition. Soil loss rates increased greatly with both surface sod biomass decomposition and decomposition of subsurface sod biomass in the conventionally tilled soil, but they were minimally affected by subsurface sod biomass decomposition in the untilled soil. Runoff rates were little affected by the studied treatments. Dead roots plus incorporated residues were effective in reducing erosion in the conventionally tilled soil, while consolidation of the soil surface was important in no-till. The residual effect of the turned soil on erosion diminished gradually with time and ceased after two years.