Néstor O. Caffini

Isolation and Characterization of a Cysteine Protease from the Latex of Araujia hortorum Fruits

A new protease (araujiain h l) was purified to mass spectroscopy homogeneity from the latex of Araujia hortorum Fourn. (Asclepiadaceae) fruits by ultracentrifugation and ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 24,031 (mass spectrometry) and an isoelectric point higher than 9.3. The optimum pH range for casein hydrolysis was 8.0–9.5. The enzyme showed remarkable caseinolytic activity at high temperatures, although its thermal stability decayed rapidly. The proteinase was activated by thiol compounds and inhibited by common thiol-blocking reagents, particularly E-64 and HgCl2, suggesting the enzyme belongs to the cysteine protease family. The concentration of active sites as determined by titration with E-64 was 3.3 μM. When assayed on N-α-CBZ-amino acid-p-nitrophenyl esters, the enzyme showed higher preference for the glutamine derivative, followed by those of alanine, asparagine, glycine, and leucine, in decreasing order. Partial homology (36–48%) with other plant cysteine proteinases was observed in an internal fragment obtained by Protease V8 treatment.

Two new cysteine endopeptidases obtained from the latex of Araujia hortorum fruits.

Two new endopeptidases were purified to homogeneity from the latex of Araujia hortorum fruits by a simple purification procedure involving ultracentrifugation and ion exchange chromatography. Molecular weights of araujiain h II and araujiain h III were 23,718 and 23546 (mass spectrometry), respectively. The isoelectric point of araujiain h II was 8.9, whereas araujiain h III had a pI higher than 9.3. Maximum proteolytic activity on caseine was reached at pH 8.0-9.0 for both endopeptidases, which were irreversibly inhibited by iodoacetate and E-64, suggesting they belong to the cysteine protease family. Esterolytic activity was determined on N-α-CBZ-amino acid-p-nitrophenyl esters, and the highest kcat/Km values for the both enzymes were obtained with the glutamine derivative. The N-terminal sequences of araujiain h II and araujiain h III showed a high degree of homology with other plant cysteine endopeptidases.

Comparison of Asclepiadaceae latex proteases and characterization ofMorrenia brachystephana Griseb. cysteine peptidases

Partial characterization of the crude proteolytic extracts of five Asclepiadaceae species namely Araujia hortorum Fourn., Asclepias curassavica L., Funastrum clausum (Jacq.) Schlechter, Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. and Morrenia odorata (Hook. et Arn.) Lindley, and a comparison of these results and those from other Asclepiadaceae species are reported. Additionally, the crude extract from M. brachystephana was submitted to further purification and characterization. The crude enzyme showed high proteolytic activity when assayed on casein in the presence of 12 mM cysteine but was strongly inhibited by very low concentrations of sodium iodoacetate (0.01 mM) and mercuric chloride (0.1 mM) suggesting that the enzyme belongs to the cysteinyl-proteases type. Fractioned acetone precipitation followed by cation exchange chromatography allowed the separation of two basic ( pI > 9.3) proteolytically active fractions, both homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and with similar molecular masses (25.5 and 26 kDa).Copyright

Purification and Characterization of a New Plant Endopeptidase Isolated from Latex of Asclepias fruticosa L. (Asclepiadaceae)

Asclepias fruticosa L. is a small shrub containing latex with proteolytic activity. The crude extract (latex diluted 1:250 and ultracentrifuged) contained 276 μg of protein/mL and the proteolytic activity reached 1.2 caseinolytic U/mL. This enzyme preparation was very stable even after 2 hours at 45°C, but was quickly inactivated after 5 minutes at 80°C. Chromatographic purification was achieved by FPLC using a cation exchanger (SP-Sepharose FF). Thus, a unique proteolitically active fraction could be isolated, being homogeneous by bidimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (Mr = 23,652). The optimum pH range was achieved at 8.5–10.5. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by specific cysteine peptidases inhibitors. Isoelectric focusing followed by zymogram showed the enzyme had a pI greater than 9.3. The N-terminus sequence (LPDSVDWREKGVVFPIRNQGK) shows a great deal of similarity to those of the other cysteine endopeptidases isolated from latices of Asclepiadaceae even when a high degree of homology could be observed with other plant cysteine endopeptidases.

Hieronymain I, a new cysteine peptidase isolated from unripe fruits of Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bromeliaceae)

A new peptidase, named hieronymain I, was purified to homogeneity from unripe fruits of Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bromeliaceae) by acetone fractionation followed by cation exchange chromatography (FPLC) on CM-Sepharose FF. Homogeneity of the enzyme was confirmed by mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF), isoelectric focusing, and SDS-PAGE. Hieronymain is a basic peptidase (pI > 9.3) and its molecular mass was 24,066 Da. Maximum proteolytic activity on casein (>90% of maximum activity) was achieved at pH 8.5–9.5. The enzyme was completely inhibited by E-64 and iodoacetic acid and activated by the addition of cysteine; these results strongly suggest that the isolated protease should be included within the cysteine group. The N-terminal sequence of hieronymain (ALPESIDWRAKGAVTEVKRQDG) was compared with 25 plant cysteine proteases that showed more than 50% of identity.

Isolation and purification of cysteine peptidases from the latex of Araujia hortorum fruits: Study of their esterase activities using partial least-squares (PLS) modeling

Three new cysteine peptidases (araujiain h-I, araujiain h-II and araujiain h-III) were isolated and purified to mass spectroscopy homogeneity from the latex of Araujia hortorum (Asclepiadaceae) fruits by ultracentrifugation and ion exchange chromatography. The enzymes have molecular masses of 24,030.87, 23,718 and 23,545.5 (mass spectrometry), respectively. The peptidases were activated by thiol compounds and inhibited by common thiol blocking reagents, particularly E-64 and HgCl2, suggesting that the enzymes belong to the cysteine peptidases family. A quantitative structure–activity relationship study of their esterolytic activities was performed by means of partial least-squares regression and using the novel filtering technique called orthogonal signal correction. The numerical characterization of the variation in the physicochemical features of the N-α-carbobenzoxy-aminoacid-p-nitrophenyl esters used in the PLS regression modeling was accomplished by using a large number of descriptors extracted from the literature, based on various lipophilicity, polarity and steric scales of the amino acid side-chains in combination with a set of property descriptors derived from semiempirical calculations. From the obtained results it can be concluded that all hydrophobic, electronic, and steric factors are important in the esterase activity of the cysteine peptidases studied.

Comparison of two cysteine endopeptidases from latices of Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. and Morrenia odorata (Hook et Arn.) Lindley (Asclepiadaceae).

Abstract The properties of morrenain b II, a proteinase isolated from the latex of Morrenia brachystephana, were compared with those of morrenain o II, a proteinase obtained from the latex of Morrenia odorata. Both peptidases were purified to homogeneity by acetone precipitation followed by cation exchange chromatography. The enzymes have pI values higher than 9.3 and similar molecular masses (close to 26 kDa) as determined by SDSPAGE. They display maximum proteolytic activity within an alkaline pH range, and also exhibit esterolytic activity. The Nterminal sequences of morrenain o II and morrenain b II show a high degree of homology between each other and to other cysteine plant proteinases.

Morrenain b I, a Papain-Like Endopeptidase from the Latex of Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. (Asclepiadaceae)

A new cysteine endopeptidase (morrenain b I) has been purified and characterized from the latex of stems and petiols of Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. (Asclepiadaceae). Morrenain b I was the minor proteolytic component in the latex but showed higher specific activity than morrenain b II, which was the main active fraction. Both enzymes showed similar pH profiles and molecular masses, but kinetic parameters and N-terminal sequences were quite distinct, demonstrating that they are different enzymes instead of different forms of the same enzyme.

Evaluation of macro and microminerals in crude drugs and infusions of five herbs widely used as sedatives

It has been determined the concentration of fourteen micro and macrominerals (Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, and Zn) in both crude drugs and infusions of Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae, Nepeta cataria L., Lamiaceae, Passiflora caerulea L., Passifloraceae, Tilia x moltkei Spath ex C.K. Schneid., Tiliaceae, and Valeriana officinalis L., Caprifoliaceae. These herbs are widely consumed by its sedative properties, either alone or in herb mixtures. All measurements were performed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The products were obtained from regional markets, mainly in San Luis province (Argentina). The estimated daily intake was compared with current recommendations. All products and its infusions were included within the upper tolerable limits for minerals, in trace elements such as toxic elements present at low levels.

Comparison of two cysteine endopeptidases from Pseudananas macrodontes (Morr.) Harms (Bromeliaceae).

Abstract The properties of two cysteine peptidases (macrodontain I and II) isolated from fruits of Pseudananas macrodontes have been compared. The enzymes showed optimum pH ranges near neutrality and were inhibited by E-64 and other cysteine peptidase inhibitors. Molecular masses were 23459 and 23703 kDa, the isoelectric points were 6.1 and 5.9, and the K values were 13.4 and 8.9 M (BzPheValArg AMC) for macrodontain I and II, respectively. N? CBZLamino acid pnitrophenyl esters were tested for both enzymes. The Nterminal sequences of both proteases differed slightly and showed high sequence similarity to other pineapple stemderived cysteine endopeptidases.