Nicholas Parris

Soap based detergent formulations. V. Amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents

A series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N-methylalkylamines, N,N-dimethylalkylamines, and N-acyl-N′,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamines. Both mono- and disulfopropylated derivatives of the primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate-built detergent.

Determination of free and conjugated bile acidsas ultraviolet-absorbing lon pairs by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A method for the determination of free and conjugated bile acids as uv-absorbing ion pairs was developed. Ultraviolet photometric detection was more sensitive than differential refractometer detection. Improved resolution of positional isomers was also achieved. Distinctions were made between free and conjugated bile acids and between tauro- and glyco-conjugated bile acids. This was accomplished by adjusting the pH of the mobile phase to selectively form ion pairs.

Water vapor permeability and solubility of zein/starch hydrophilic films prepared from dry milled corn extract

Abstract Zein films containing different levels of starch were prepared from extracts of dry milled com which had been previously rinsed in a hydrocyclone to improve the extractability of the zein as well as film formation. Zein was isolated from the rinsed dry milled corn by extraction with 70% (v/v) ethanol. Comparison of RP-HPLC profiles indicated the presence of β- and γ-zeins in the extracted isolate which were not found in commercial zein. Water vapor barrier properties of the glycerine-plasticized films prepared from extracted zein isolates, containing approximately 8% starch, were comparable to films prepared from commercial zein. Water resistance of zein isolate films decreased with increasing starch content.

Soap-based detergent formulations: XVIII. Effect of structure variations on surface-active properties of sulfur containing amphoteric surfactants

Quaternary ammonium amphoteric surfactants have been found in the past to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents and detergents but exhibit unusual solubility behavior. In search of a relationship between chemical structure and surface-active properties, compounds having the following general formula were synthesized: ZN+(CH3)2(CH2)nX−, where Z is C12H25-, C14H29-, C16H33-, or C15H31CONHC3H6-, n is 2, 3, or 4 and X is SO3- or OSO3-. Tertiary amines were converted to sulfobetaines (X=SO3-) by reaction with (a) butanesultone (n=4), (b) propanesultone (n=3), or (c) sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate (n=2). An alternate synthesis for the sulfoethylbetaines (n=2) involved the reaction of the tertiary amines with ethylene bromide, followed by treatment with sodium sulfite. All sulfated quaternary ammonium compounds (X=OSO3-) were synthesized by treatment of the tertiary amine with the appropriate chloroalcohol, followed by sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfated quaternary ammonium amphoterics are stable to acid hydrolysis, and alkaline stability improves with increasing bridge chain length. Sulfoethyl amphoterics are less water soluble than sulfobutyl, which in turn are less soluble than sulfopropyl derivatives of the same alkyl chain length. For the most part, the sulfated amphoterics are insoluble but are solubilized by soap. The lime soap dispersing properties improve as the carbon chain bridge length increases for both the sulfates and sulfonates. Formulations of tallow soap, amphoteric surfactant, and sodium silicates gave good detergency in most cases.

Fractionation, characterization, and study of the emulsifying properties of corn fiber gum.

Corn fiber gum (CFG) has been fractionated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Amberlite XAD-1180 resin using ionic, acidic, basic, and hydrophobic solvents of different polarities. Characterization, including determination of total carbohydrate, acidic sugar, and protein content, has been done for each fraction together with measurements of molar mass, polydispersity, radius of gyration, Mark-Houwink exponent, and intrinsic viscosity using multiangle laser light scattering and online viscosity measurements. Emulsification properties of all fractions in an oil-in-water emulsion system with 20:1 oil to gum ratio were studied by measuring turbidity over 14 days. The results indicate that CFG consists of different components differing in their molecular weights and carbohydrate and protein contents. The main fraction eluted with NaCl, although low in protein content, has the highest average molecular weight and was determined to be a better emulsifier than the other fractions. The unfractionated CFG, which contains different molecular species, is the best emulsifier.

Microemulsions of triglyceride and non-ionic surfactant — effect of temperature and aqueous phase composition☆

Abstract The phase behavior of soybean oil, polyoxyethylene (40) sorbitol hexaoleate and water—ethanol was investigated. Regions of water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions were determined and were found to be strongly dependent on temperature and water:alcohol ratios. At a water:ethanol ratio of 80/20 (wt.%), an oil:surfactant ratio of 2/3 and a temperature of 25°C, the microemulsion region extended continuously from the oil—surfactant axis to the phase diagram center. However, at the hydrophilic—lipophilic balance (HLB) temperature (20–22°C) and a water:ethanol ratio of 80/20 or 75/25 (wt.%), a single-phase area separated from the original microemulsion region. Conductivity measurements and dynamic light scattering intensifies at 25°C indicated that association structures were formed with increasing aqueous phase concentrations above 15 wt.%. At 20°C, the single-phase scattering intensifies increased sharply with increasing aqueous phase concentrations (38–46 wt.%) and a plateau in the conductivity was detected. Transmission electron microscopy results supported the finding that more particles are formed with increasing aqueous phase and form connected particles, resulting in constant conductance.

Hydrocyclone separation of dry-milled corn

ABSTRACT Corn milled to 590 μm were soaked for 1 hr in solutions with a range of glucose concentration providing liquid specific gravities above and below that of the lighter fraction (corn germ). A suspension of these particles was pumped through a hydrocyclone to separate the germ particles and to rinse watersoluble compounds from the corn. The specific gravity of the hydrocyclone streams (suspensions), as well as liquid phase (after solids settling) was measured, and product compositions and particle sizes were determined. This work shows that a germ-enriched fraction of corn ground to <1 mm, can be separated with a hydrocyclone. To enable computer simulation of the corn-treatment process, the experimental data was used to construct a two-component model of the hydrocyclone separation of the milled corn. In the model, the milled and sieved corn is virtually separated into germ and endosperm streams that are fed to paired hydrocyclone models. Hydro...

Angiotensin I converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides from commercial wet- and dry-milled corn germ.

Bioprocesses were developed to enhance the value of proteins from deoiled corn germ. Proteins were hydrolyzed with trypsin, thermolysin, GC 106, or Flavourzyme to generate the bioactive peptide sequences. At an enzyme to substrate ratio of 1:100, protein hydrolysis of wet-milled germ was greatest using thermolysin followed by trypsin, GC 106, and Flavourzyme. For the dry-milled corn germ, protein hydrolysis was greatest for GC 106 and least for Flavourzyme. Electrophoretic patterns indicated that the hydrolysis conditions used were adequate for generating low molecular weight peptides for both germs. Unhydrolyzed dry- and wet-milled corn germ did not appear to contain angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides. After hydrolysis with trypsin, thermolysin, and GC 106 but not Flavourzyme, ACE inhibition was observed. ACE inhibition was greatest for the GC 106 hydrolysate for both wet- and dry-milled corn germ. Denaturing the protein with urea before hydrolysis, in general, increased the amount of ACE-inhibitory peptides found in the hydrolysate. Membrane fractionations of both the wet- and dry-milled hydrolysates indicated that most of the ACE-inhibitory peptides were in the <1 kDa fraction. Examination of the control total protein extracts (before treatment with proteases) from wet- and dry-milled germ revealed that neither had ACE-inhibitory properties. However, when both total corn germ control protein extracts were fractionated, the <1 kDa fraction of wet-milled corn germ proteins exhibited ACE inhibition, whereas the comparable low molecular weight fraction from dry-milled corn germ did not.

Nonionic wetting agents

Purified polyglycol ester and ether types of non-ionic surfactants were investigated to determine optimum structures for wetting hydrophobic soils, peat moss, and standard cotton skeins (Draves test). The most rapid wetting of hydrophobic soil was observed with diethylene glycol monoesters of fatty acids possessing 8,9, and 10 carbon atoms and triethylene glycol monoesters of fatty acids containing 9 and 10 carbon atoms. Methyl pentaethylene glycol decanoate and methyl hexaethylene glycol dodecanoate were also effective wetting agents for hydrophobic soil. Nonionics with slightly longer oxy-alkylene chains most effectively wet Draves skeins and peat moss. Diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol monodecyl ethers also effectively wet hydrophobic soil and peat moss.

Ethanolic extraction of zein from maize

Abstract Zein can be extracted from maize (Zea mays) using ethanol solutions, and recovered from the extract by diluting with water. Dilution to 40% ethanol will precipitate a mixture of zein and maize lipid with ∼15% lipid. For possible zein applications, such as film production, purer zein is required. Most of the lipid can be removed from the precipitate by selective re-extraction with hexane or ethanol, but this is expensive. A precipitate containing 90% or more of the protein in the extract, with less than 10% lipid, can be obtained by diluting the extract in stages. An initial dilution will precipitate a solid with 75% or more lipid, this precipitate can be centrifuged from the extract and the centrifugate diluted to precipitate a solid of 70% or more zein. The mass and composition of solid centrifuged from a maize extract that was diluted in several steps to characterize the composition of precipitates so formed. The lipid content of a zein product precipitated from an extract diluted from 55% ethanol to 50% is significantly lower than the content of precipitate of an extract diluted in a single step to 40% ethanol.