Nicolas Boussekey

Should highly active antiretroviral therapy be prescribed in critically ill HIV-infected patients during the ICU stay? A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) remains controversial. We evaluate impact of HAART prescription in HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU of Tourcoing Hospital from January 2000 to December 2009.ResultsThere were 91 admissions concerning 85 HIV-infected patients. Reasons for ICU admission were an AIDS-related diagnosis in 46 cases (51%). Fifty two patients (57%) were on HAART at the time of ICU admission, leading to 21 immunovirologic successes (23%). During the ICU stay, HAART was continued in 29 patients (32%), and started in 3 patients (3%). Only one patient experienced an adverse event related to HAART. Mortality rate in ICU and 6 months after ICU admission were respectively 19% and 27%. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative unajusted survival probability over 6 months were higher in patients treated with HAART during the ICU stay (Log rank: p = 0.04). No benefit of HAART in ICU was seen in the adjusted survival proportion at 6 months or during ICU stay. Prescription of HAART during ICU was associated with a trend to lower incidence of new AIDS-related events at 6 months (respectively 17% and 34% with and without HAART, p = 0.07), and with higher incidence of antiretroviral resistance after ICU stay (respectively 25% and 7% with and without HAART, p = 0.02).ConclusionsOur results suggest a lower death rate over 6 months in critically ill HIV-infected patients taking HAART during ICU stay. The optimal time to prescribe HAART in critically ill patients needs to be better defined.

Improvement in process of care and outcome in patients requiring intensive care unit admission for community acquired pneumonia

BackgroundThe present study was performed to assess the prognosis of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) after implementation of new processes of care.MethodsTwo groups of patients with CAP were admitted to a 16-bed multidisciplinary ICU in an urban teaching hospital during two different periods: the years 1995–2000, corresponding to the historical group; and 2005–2010, corresponding to the intervention group. New therapeutic procedures were implemented during the period 2005–2010. These procedures included a sepsis management bundle derived from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, use of a third-generation cephalosporin and levofloxacin as the initial empirical antimicrobial regimen, and noninvasive mechanical ventilation following extubation.ResultsA total of 317 patients were studied: 142 (44.8%) during the historical period and 175 (55.2%) during the intervention period. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were higher in patients in the intervention group (7.2 ± 3.7 vs 6.2 ± 2.8; p=0.008). Mortality changed significantly between the two studied periods, decreasing from 43.6% in the historical group to 30.9% in the intervention group (p < 0.02). A restrictive transfusion strategy, use of systematic postextubation noninvasive mechanical ventilation in patients with severe chronic respiratory or cardiac failure patients, less frequent use of dobutamine and/or epinephrine in patients with sepsis or septic shock, and delivery of a third-generation cephalosporin associated with levofloxacin as empirical antimicrobial therapy were independently associated with better outcomes.ConclusionPositive outcomes in ICU patients with CAP have significantly increased in our ICU in recent years. Many new interventions have contributed to this improvement.

Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Evolution of Management of Septic Shock in a French Intensive Care Unit: A Five Years Survey

Purpose. To evaluate the epidemiology, prognosis, and management of septic shock patients hospitalized in our intensive care unit (ICU). Materiel and Methods. Five-year monocenter observational study including 320 patients. Results. ICU mortality was 54.4%. Independent mortality risk factors were mechanical ventilation (OR = 4.97), Simplify Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II > 60 (OR = 4.28), chronic alcoholism (OR = 3.38), age >65 years (OR = 2.65), prothrombin ratio <40% (OR = 2.37), and PaO2/FiO2 ratio <150 (OR = 1.91). These six mortality risk factors recovered allow screening immediately septic shock patients with a high mortality risk. Morbidity improved with time (diminution of septic shock complications, increase of the number of days alive free from mechanical ventilation and vasopressors on day 28), concomitant to an evolution of the management (earlier institution of all replacement and medical therapies and more initial volume expansion). There was no difference in mortality. Conclusion. Our study confirms a high mortality rate in septic shock patients despite a new approach of treatment.

Adult community-acquired bacterial meningitis requiring ICU admission: epidemiological data, prognosis factors and adherence to IDSA guidelines

Numerous guidelines are available to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy (EAT) in acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) patients. We analysed prognosis factors and compliance to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines in ABM patients requiring stay in an intensive care unit (ICU). A 10-year retrospective study, using prospectively collected data, in 82 ABM patients admitted to a 16-bed university-affiliated French ICU was undertaken. Seventeen patients (20.7%) died during ICU stay. Multivariate analysis isolated four factors associated with in-ICU death: alcoholism (P = 0.007), acute kidney injury (P = 0.006), age >60 years (P = 0.006) and ICU admission for neurological failure (P = 0.01). Causative pathogens were isolated for 62 (75.6%) patients, including 29 pneumococci, 14/28 of which were non-susceptible to penicillin. No characteristics, particularly recent hospitalisation and/or antibiotic delivery, was associated with penicillin susceptibility. Compliance to IDSA guidelines was 65%. Non-compliance concerned to be essentially the non-delivery or low dosage of vancomycin. Treatment compatible with IDSA guidelines was associated with a decreased ICU mortality in univariate (61.5% survival vs. 35.3%, P = 0.05) but not in multivariate analysis. In-ICU mortality associated with ABM remains high. Prognosis factors are related to the severity of disease or underlying conditions. Penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae can occur without any of the usual predisposing factors.

Impact of combination therapy with aminoglycosides on the outcome of ICU-acquired bacteraemias

Pharmacodynamic studies report on the rapid bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides, conferring them as being of theoretical interest for bacteraemia treatment. We assessed this issue in a retrospective study of patients with intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired bacteraemias. To determine the impact of aminoglycosides in antimicrobial combination on the outcome of patients with bacteraemia, we performed a monovariate analysis and a logistic regression analysis comparing patients treated with or without aminoglycosides. Forty-eight bacteraemias in 48 patients were included. Eighteen patients received aminoglycosides. Baseline characteristics as well as adaptation and adequation of antibiotherapy did not differ in patients who did or did not receive aminoglycosides. Patients who received aminoglycosides had longer time alive away from the ICU (11.3 ± 8.9 (10 [0–20]) vs. 3.2 ± 6.6 (0 [0–2] days; p = 0.002) and free from mechanical ventilation (12.5 ± 9.3 (14 [0–21] vs. 5.5 ± 9.2 (0 [0–10] days; p = 0.02) on day 28. The ICU mortality was 16% in the aminoglycoside group versus 46% (p = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis, patients treated with aminoglycosides were 6 times less likely to die than those treated without aminoglycosides (confidence interval [CI] = [1.3–28.9]; p = 0.02). Our study supports the hypothesis that combination short-term antibiotherapy with an aminoglycoside for ICU-acquired bacteraemias could increase survival.

Survival in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with early hemodiafiltration.

PURPOSE Early renal replacement therapy (RRT) initiation should theoretically influence many physiological disorders related to acute kidney injury (AKI). Currently, there is no consensus about RRT timing in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of all critically ill patients who received RRT in our ICU during a 3 year-period. Our goal was to identify mortality risk factors and if RRT initiation timing had an impact on survival. RRT timing was calculated from the moment the patient was classified as having acute kidney injury in the RIFLE classification. RESULTS A hundred and ten patients received RRT. We identified four independent mortality risk factors: need for mechanical ventilation (OR = 12.82 (1.305 - 125.868, p = 0.0286); RRT initiation timing >16 h (OR = 5.66 (1.954 - 16.351), p = 0.0014); urine output on admission <500 ml/day (OR = 4.52 (1.666 - 12.251), p = 0.003); and SAPS II on admission >70 (OR = 3.45 (1.216 - 9.815), p = 0.02). The RRT initiation =16 h and RRT initiation >16 h groups presented the same baseline characteristics, except for more severe gravity scores and kidney failure in the early RRT group. CONCLUSIONS Early RRT in ICU patients with acute kidney injury or failure was associated with increased survival.

Severe pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of new quinolones on prognosis

BackgroundMost guidelines have been proposing, for more than 15 years, a β-lactam combined with either a quinolone or a macrolide as empirical, first-line therapy of severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring ICU admission. Our goal was to evaluate the outcome of patients with severe CAP, focusing on the impact of new rather than old fluoroquinolones combined with β-lactam in the empirical antimicrobial treatments.MethodsRetrospective study of consecutive patients admitted in a 16-bed general intensive care unit (ICU), between January 1996 and January 2009, for severe (Pneumonia Severity Index > or = 4) community-acquired pneumonia due to non penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and treated with a β-lactam combined with a fluoroquinolone.ResultsWe included 70 patients of whom 38 received a β-lactam combined with ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin and 32 combined with levofloxacin. Twenty six patients (37.1%) died in the ICU. Three independent factors associated with decreased survival in ICU were identified: septic shock on ICU admission (AOR = 10.6; 95% CI 2.87-39.3; p = 0.0004), age > 70 yrs. (AOR = 4.88; 95% CI 1.41-16.9; p = 0.01) and initial treatment with a β-lactam combined with ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin (AOR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.13-15.13; p = 0.03).ConclusionOur results suggest that, when combined to a β-lactam, levofloxacin is associated with lower mortality than ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin in severe pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia.

Impact of combination therapy and early de-escalation on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Guidelines recommend dual coverage of P. aeruginosa, but the beneficial effect of combination therapy is controversial. We described antibiotic prescriptions and evaluated the clinical impact of initial combination antibiotic therapy and de-escalation strategy in patients with VAP caused by P. aeruginosa. Methods: Between 1994 and 2014, all 100 patients with VAP caused by P. aeruginosa in our intensive care unit (ICU) were included in a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the prognostic impact of initial combination antibiotic therapy. Results: Eighty-five patients received initial combination antibiotic therapy and 15 monotherapy. Nine patients received inadequate initial antibiotic therapy. De-escalation was performed in 42 patients. Thirty-nine patients died in the ICU. Factors independently associated with death were SAPS II score [SAPS II ≥40 versus <40: hazard ratio (HR) 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–5.70, p = 0.03] and septic shock (HR = 4.80, 95% CI = 1.90–12.16, p < 0.01) at onset of VAP. Initial combination antibiotic therapy (HR = 1.97, 95% CI = 0.56–6.93, p = 0.29) and early de-escalation (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.27–1.31, p = 0.19) had no impact on mortality. In multivariate analysis, the risk for inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy was higher in cases with multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa [odd ratio (OR) = 7.11, 95% CI = 1.42–35.51, p = 0.02], but lower in cases with initial combination antibiotic therapy (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02–0.63, p = 0.01). Conclusion: In our cohort, combination therapy increased the likelihood of appropriate therapy but did not seem to impact on mortality.

Validation of a Prediction Rule for Prognosis of Severe Community- Acquired Pneumonia

In a previous study, we developed a prognostic prediction rule, based on nine prognostic variables, capable to estimate and to adjust the mortality rate of patients admitted in intensive care unit for severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective multicenter study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of this rule. Five hundred eleven patients, over a 7-year period, were studied. The ICU mortality rate was 29.0%. In the 3 initial risk classes, we observed significantly increasing mortality rates (8.2% in class I, 22.8% in class II and 65.0% in class III) (p<0.001). Within each initial risk class, the adjustment risk score identified subclasses exhibiting significantly different mortality rates: 3.9% and 33.3% in class I; 3.1%, 12.9% and 63.3% in class II; and 55.8% and 82.5% in class III. Compared with mortality rates predicted by our previous study, only a few significant differences were observed. Our results demonstrate the performance and reproductibility of this prognostic prediction rule.