Nicolas Flagey

Modeling and budgeting fiber injection efficiency for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE)

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will each year obtain millions of spectra in the optical to near infrared, at low (R ≃3, 000) to high (R ≃ 40, 000) spectral resolution by observing <4,000 spectra per pointing via a highly multiplexed fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE include black hole reverberation mapping, stellar population analysis of faint galaxies at high redshift, and sub-km/s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics. One key metric of the success of MSE will be its survey speed, i.e. how many spectra of good signal-to-noise ratio will MSE be able to obtain every night and every year. The survey speed is directly linked to the allocation efficiency - how many fibers in the focal surface can be allocated to targets - and to the injection efficiency what fraction of light from a target can enter the fiber at the focal surface. In this paper we focus on the injection efficiency and how to optimize it to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of targets observed in sky dominated conditions. The injection efficiency depends on the size of the fiber and requires highly precise, repeatable and stable positioning of the fiber in the focal surface. We present the allocation budget used for Conceptual Design Review and the modeling that allows to estimate the injection efficiency, which is just one part necessary to meet the science requirements on sensitivities.

Maximising the sensitivity of next generation multi-object spectroscopy: system budget development and design optimizations for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer

MSE is an 11.25m telescope with a 1.5 sq.deg. field of view. It can simultaneously obtain 3249 spectra at R = 3000 from 360− 1800nm, and 1083 spectra at R = 40000 in the optical. Absolutely critical to the scientific success of MSE is to efficiently access the faint Universe. Here, we describe the adopted systems engineering methodology to ensure MSE meets the challenging sensitivity requirements, and how these requirements are partitioned across three budgets, relating to the throughput, noise and fiber injection efficiency. We then describe how the sensitivity of MSE as a system was estimated at the end of Conceptual Design Phase, and how this information was used to revisit the system design in order to meet the sensitivity requirements while maintaining the overall architectural concept of the Observatory. Finally, we present the anticipated sensitivity performance of MSE and describe the key science that these capabilities will enable.

Maunakea spectroscopic explorer (MSE): implementing systems engineering methodology for the development of a new facility

Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer will be a 10-m class highly multiplexed survey telescope, including a segmented primary mirror and robotic fiber positioners at the prime focus. MSE will replace the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The multiplexing includes an array of over four thousand fibers feeding banks of spectrographs several tens of meters away. We present an overview of the requirements flow-down for MSE, from Science Requirements Document to Observatory Requirements Document. We have developed the system performance budgets, along with updating the budget architecture of our evolving project. We have also identified the links between subsystems and system budgets (and subsequently science requirements) and included system budget that are unique to MSE as a fiber-fed facility. All of this has led to a set of Observatory Requirements that is fully consistent with the Science Requirements.

Maunakea spectroscopic explorer advancing from conceptual design

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project has completed its Conceptual Design Phase. This paper is a status report of the MSE project regarding its technical and programmatic progress. The technical status includes its conceptual design and system performance, and highlights findings and recommendations from the System and various subsystems design reviews. The programmatic status includes the project organization and management plan for the Preliminary Design Phase. In addition, this paper provides the latest information related to the permitting process for Maunakea construction.

Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE): instrumentation suite

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) is replacement of the existing 3.6-m Canada France Hawaii Telescope into a dedicated wide field highly multiplexed fiber fed spectroscopic facility. MSE is capable of observing over four thousand science targets simultaneously in two resolution modes. The paper describes the unique instrument system capabilities and its components starting from the telescope prime focus and ending at the spectrograph suite. The instrument system components have completed their conceptual designs and they include a Sphinx positioner system, fiber transmission system, low/moderate resolution and high resolution spectrographs and a calibration system. These components will be procured separately and the Project is responsible for their integration and the overall system performance afterward. The paper describes from a system perspective the specific design and interface constraints imposed on the components given the extra interface and integration considerations.

Maunakea spectroscopic explorer design development from feasibility concept to baseline design

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer is designed to be the largest non-ELT optical/NIR astronomical telescope, and will be a fully dedicated facility for multi-object spectroscopy over a broad range of spectral resolutions. The MSE design has progressed from feasibility concept into its current baseline design where the system configuration of main systems such as telescope, enclosure, summit facilities and instrument are fully defined. This paper will describe the engineering development of the main systems, and discuss the trade studies to determine the optimal telescope and multiplexing designs and how their findings are incorporated in the current baseline design.

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer: throughput optimization

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will obtain millions of optical to near-infrared spectra, at low (R~2,500) to high (R~40,000) spectral resolution, via a highly multiplexed (~3000) fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE (black hole reverberation mapping, stellar population analysis at high redshift, subkm/ s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics) will target faint Galactic and extra-galactic targets (typical visual magnitudes up to 24). MSE will thus need to achieve the highest throughput possible over the 360 to 1800 nm wavelength range. Here we discuss building an optimized throughput budget in terms of performance allocation and technical solutions to steer the concept design studies.

Spectral calibration for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer: challenges and solutions

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will each year obtain millions of spectra in the optical to nearinfrared, at low (R ≃ 2; 500) to high (R ≃ 40; 000) spectral resolution by observing >3000 spectra per pointing via a highly multiplexed fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE include black hole reverberation mapping, stellar population analysis of faint galaxies at high redshift, and sub-km/s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics. This requires highly precise, repeatable and stable spectral calibration over long timescales. To meet these demanding science goals and to allow MSE to deliver data of very high quality to the broad community of astronomers involved in the project, a comprehensive and efficient calibration strategy is being developed. In this paper, we present the different challenges we face to properly calibrate the MSE spectra and the solutions we are considering to address these challenges.

Systems budgets architecture and development for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project is an enterprise to upgrade the existing Canada-France- Hawaii observatory into a spectroscopic facility based on a 10 meter-class telescope. As such, the project relies on engineering requirements not limited only to its instruments (the low, medium and high resolution spectrographs) but for the whole observatory. The science requirements, the operations concept, the project management and the applicable regulations are the basis from which these requirements are initially derived, yet they do not form hierarchies as each may serve several purposes, that is, pertain to several budgets. Completeness and consistency are hence the main systems engineering challenges for such a large project as MSE. Special attention is devoted to ensuring the traceability of requirements via parametric models, derivation documents, simulations, and finally maintaining KAOS diagrams and a database under IBM Rational DOORS linking them together. This paper will present the architecture of the main budgets under development and the associated processes, expand to highlight those that are interrelated and how the system, as a whole, is then optimized by modelling and analysis of the pertinent system parameters.

Optimal scheduling and science delivery of spectra for millions of targets in thousands of fields: the operational concept of the Maunakea spectroscopic explorer (MSE)

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will each year obtain millions of spectra in the optical to near- infrared, at low (R(see abstract for symbol) 3000) to high (R(see abstract for symbol) 40000) spectral resolution by observing <3000 spectra per pointing via a highly multiplexed fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE include black hole reverberation mapping, stellar population analysis of faint galaxies at high redshift, and sub-km/s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics. The architecture of MSE is an assembly of subsystems designed to meet the science requirements and describes what MSE will look like. In this paper we focus on the operations concept of MSE, which describes how to operate a fiber fed, highly multiplexed, dedicated observatory given its architecture and the science requirements. The operations concept details the phases of operations, from selecting proposals within the science community to distributing back millions of spectra to this community. For each phase, the operations concept describes the tools required to support the science community in their analyses and the operations staff in their work. It also highlights the specific needs related to the complexity of MSE with millions of targets to observe, thousands of fibers to position, and different spectral resolution to use. Finally, the operations concept shows how the science requirements on calibration and observing efficiency can be met.