Nicolò Bellanca

Le traiettorie reticolari dell’innovazione territoriale

Traditions of studies dating back to Marshall, Porter and Krugman interpreted Local socio-economic systems (LSS) mainly considering the spatial proximity of the actors. It was the local anchorage that enabled an increase in specific forms of external economies, competitive advantages and endogenous dynamics. Therefore, in the last decades, these local systems have gone through multiple changes in a multi-dimensional scale. The new structural connotations - including cognitive proximity, the task-based competition, the complementarity of formal contracts and informal agreements in business partnerships, trans-local networks - require a different theoretical framework and involve different policy implications. The theoretical framework focuses on co-evolution of technologies, organizational models, cultures and institutions. Among the multiple trajectories made possible by the co-evolution, each SSL is both related to a socio-technical system that restricts its dynamics of change, and plugged into paths along which can access in a discontinuous way to far techno-economic horizons. Therefore the policy implications must refer to innovative trajectories that the existing global socio-technical transition makes possible for a specific group of SSL, which is Tuscany in our case. At the strategic and operative level – considering political and social limits of the society we are considering - we try to catch some “bottlenecks” which obstruct the perception and the pursuit of long-term collective interests. These blocks relate to myopia, both of entrepreneurs and of public institutions, in respect of the scientific-technical potential and effectively evolutionary paths that would be convenient to take; the inadequacy of institutional forms within which commons are produced and managed; the lack of appropriate ways to capitalize innovative enterprises. For each of these lock-in we make constructive and viable proposals.

Resistance to Change in Recent Italy: Some Elements for a Theoretical Framework

Italy is driving along a historical glide path. The main reason lies in the fact that in the country, especially in the last three decades, has experienced an extreme form of resistance to change. Everyone, when defecting, prefers that others defect as well, instead of cooperating. This paradoxical situation was denominated Low-Low Game by Gambetta and Origgi. In order to clarify how and why the Low-Low Game works, this paper uses parallel games. With the aim of explaining the origins, a theoretical framework based on the nexus between involuntary decisions and loss of power will be developed.