Nigel David Warren

A comparison of methods of assessing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in non-smoking British women

Abstract Fifty-two non-smoking British women were recruited to wear personal monitors for nicotine and volatile organic compounds over a 24-h period in the autumn of 1989. The subjects also supplied samples of saliva for cotinine analysis, and answered questions regarding lifestyle and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The research indicates that exposure to ETS in free-living subjects is very low (mean nicotine exposure 2.3 μg m 3 ). Moreover, the greatest influence on exposure was living with a smoker, contact with smokers at work; leisure or travel having a minor impact. Salivary cotinine levels were found in subjects observed not to be exposed to ETS, hence somewhat questioning the validity of this measure for very low levels of exposure. Both of the objective measures of ETS exposure, nicotine and salivary cotinine levels, only correlated modestly with subjective assessments of exposure obtained by questionnaire.

MEASUREMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE IN AN AIR-CONDITIONED OFFICE BUILDING

Abstract This paper reports levels of nicotine, respirable participates, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds measured in the air of smokers’ and non‐smokers’ offices in a modern air‐conditioned building. The results show very low levels of environmental tobacco smoke constituents, such as nicotine, present in smokers’ offices. Moreover, the data show that smoking has little influence on the levels of volatile organic compounds found in the office air.

Real-time measurement of inhaled and exhaled cigarette smoke: Implications for dose

Inhalation of tobacco smoke aerosol is a two-step process involving puffing followed by inhalation. Measured smoke deposition efficiencies in the lung (20-70%) are greater than expected for smoke particles of 150 -- 250 nm count median diameter (CMD). Various mechanisms have been put forward to explain this enhanced deposition pattern, including coagulation, hygroscopic growth, condensation and evaporation, changes in composition, or changes in inhalation behaviour. This paper represents one of a series of studies seeking to better quantify smoke chemistry, inhalation behaviour and cumulative particle growth. The studies have been conducted to better understand smoke dosimetry and links to disease as part of a wider programme defining risk and potential harm reduction. In this study, the average CMD of inhaled smoke was 160 nm while the average CMD of exhaled smoke was 239 nm with an average growth factor of 1.5.

Puffing and inhalation behaviour in cigarette smoking: Implications for particle diameter and dose

Inhalation of tobacco smoke aerosol is a two-step process involving puffing followed by inhalation. Measured smoke deposition efficiencies in the lung (20-70%) are greater than expected for smoke particles of diameter 150 -- 250 nm CMD. Various mechanisms have been put forward to explain this enhanced deposition pattern, including coagulation, hygroscopic growth, condensation and evaporation, changes in composition, or changes in inhalation behaviour. This paper represents one of a series of studies seeking to better quantify smoke chemistry, inhalation behaviour and cumulative particle growth. The studies have been conducted to better understand smoke dosimetry and links to disease as part of a wider programme defining risk and potential harm reduction. In this study, it was noted that particle deposition increased with increasing inhalation depth, and that smoke inhalation volumes were generally greater than normal tidal breathing volumes. A weak association was observed between particle diameter and puff flow, but no strong association between particle diameter and retention efficiency.

An investigation of the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke to the air in betting shops

Abstract This paper investigates levels of some Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) related constituents and volatile organic compounds found in the air of six betting shops. The levels of ETS constituents were found to be very low. Moreover, the study shows the important influence of the outdoor air on the air inside these betting shops.