Nilakshi Jain

Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes: A Critical Review

The convergence of nano and biotechnology is enabling scientific and technical knowledge for improving human well being. Carbon nanotubes have become most fascinating material to be studied and unveil new avenues in the field of nanobiotechnology. The nanometer size and high aspect ratio of the CNTs are the two distinct features, which have contributed to diverse biomedical applications. They have captured the attention as nanoscale materials due to their nanometric structure and remarkable list of superlative and extravagant properties that encouraged their exploitation for promising applications. Significant progress has been made in order to overcome some of the major hurdles towards biomedical application of nanomaterials, especially on issues regarding the aqueous solubility/dispersion and safety of CNTs. Functionalized CNTs have been used in drug targeting, imaging, and in the efficient delivery of gene and nucleic acids. CNTs have also demonstrated great potential in diverse biomedical uses like drug targeting, imaging, cancer treatment, tissue regeneration, diagnostics, biosensing, genetic engineering and so forth. The present review highlights the possible potential of CNTs in diagnostics, imaging and targeted delivery of bioactives and also outlines the future opportunities for biomedical applications.

Dendrimers in anticancer drug delivery: mechanism of interaction of drug and dendrimers

Abstract Dendrimers represents a novel class of macromolecules, which are derived from branches upon branches type structural design. Dendrimers are emerging as promising drug-delivery molecule because of their extraordinary properties including membrane interaction, monodispersity, well-defined size, shape and molecular weight, etc. Drugs interact with dendrimers in three ways; (a) physical encapsulation, (b) electrostatic interactions, and (c) covalent conjugations. Due to compact, globular structure and availability of interior cavity spaces and multiple surface functional groups, drug molecules can be encapsulated both in the interior of the dendrimers (physical encapsulation) as well as attached to the surface functional groups (covalent conjugations).

Development and characterization of surface engineered PPI dendrimers for targeted drug delivery

Abstract In this study, we reported folate-conjugated polypropylene imine dendrimers (FA–PPI) as efficient carrier for model anticancer drug, methotrexate (MTX), for pH-sensitive drug release, selective targeting to cancer cells, and anticancer activity. In the in vitro drug release studies this nanoconjugate of MTX showed initial rapid release followed by gradual slow release, and the drug release was found to be pH sensitive with greater release at acidic pH. The ex vivo investigations with human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, showed enhanced cytotoxicity of MTX–FA–PPI with significantly enhanced intracellular uptake. The biofate of nanoconjugate was determined in Wistar rat where MTX–FA–PPI showed 37.79-fold increase in the concentration of MTX in liver after 24 h in comparison with free MTX formulation.

Digital forensic framework using feedback and case history keeper

Cyber crime investigation is the integration of two technologies named theoretical methodology and second practical tools. First is the theoretical digital forensic methodology that encompasses the steps to investigate the cyber crime. And second technology is the practically development of the digital forensic tool which sequentially and systematically analyze digital devices to extract the evidence to prove the crime. This paper explores the development of digital forensic framework, combine the advantages of past twenty five forensic models and generate a algorithm to create a new digital forensic model. The proposed model provides the following advantages, a standardized method for investigation, the theory of model can be directly convert into tool, a history lookup facility, cost and time minimization, applicable to any type of digital crime investigation.

Development and characterization of targeting ligand decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for targeting potential to cancer cells

T aim of current study entails to develop a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) as a novel lipid nanocarrier for the oral delivery of decitabine (DCB) using cold homogenization technique. A Box-Behnken design (33) with 17 experimental runs was constructed to identify the key independent variables influencing on dependent variables. The optimized batch (SLN-11) was further characterized with particle size distribution, zeta potential, TEM, entrapment efficiency, drug content, rheological study, DSC, in vitro drug release, and accelerated stability. The optimized batch revealed spherical morphology under TEM analysis with particle size of 136.6± 2.35 nm and 0.244±0.002 PDI. Zeta potential and %EE was found to be -31.34±0.67 mV and 58.89% ±0.78 respectively. In vitro release studies showed burst release at the initial stage followed by sustained release up to 24 hrs in intestinal medium and the data was further studies using release kinetic models which revealed Higuchi matrix as a best fitted model. Finally, SLN prepared using Precirol ATO5 as solid lipid and surfactants as Poloxamer 188, Tween 80 and Solutol HS15 (2:1:2 ratio) posses high potential to entrap DCB in lipid nanoparticle, showed better prospects for the oral delivery of DCB.C (cur), a natural compound elicit a spectrum of potent responses both locally and systemically. However its local effect in buccal conditions is largely hindered by its extremely limited water solubility, and its hydrolytic degradation in salivary pH. The aim of the present study was to develop buccal mucoadhesive tablets of cur with accepted release and stability at salivary pH as well as to design a simple in vitro dissolution test ensuring its stability. Chemical stability in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 6.8 was tested using a group of stabilizers of which sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) proved to be the most suitable. Different muccoadhesive tablets formulations were prepared by direct compression technique using a mixture of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K15M and Carboxymethylcelluose sodium (NaCMC) in different ratios with or without SLS as stabilizer, curas pure untreated drug or in the form of rapidly dissolving solid dispersion (SD) with PVP (Kollidon®25). Formulations were evaluatedfor mucoadhesive strength, in vivo and in vitro residence time, release studies and clinical evaluation of the selected formulation. The best mucoadhesive performance and in vitro sustained release profile (70% released over 12 hours) were exhibited by tablets containing HPMC.K15M: CMC sodium (5:1), SD (1:3) with 15 mg SLS. Salivary concentration (conc.) was significantly increased compared to undetectable conc. for pure cur due to poor solubility and SD without SLS due to hydrolytic degradation. Preliminary clinical study revealed an excellent anti-inflammatory and healing effect. Cur in this delivery system is an excellent candidate for local buccal delivery.T purpose of present study is to formulate SNEDDS of BCS Class-IV (Exemestane HCl) to investigate its potential oral drug delivery system by improving its bioavailability. Preformulation study was done for selection of oils, surfactants & co-surfactants. Based on the solubility studies, Caprol microexpress and Labrafac as oil phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant and Triacetin as a co-surfactant were selected. Phase studies were performed using different ratio like (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 3:1) [oil: (surfactant/co-surfactant)]. Pseudo ternary phase diagram were prepared, Tween 80: triacetin (1:2) and (1:3) ratio showed the highest area for the preparation for the nanoemulsion. All formulations were evaluated for the visual assessment, optical clarity, particle size, drug content, viscosity, in vitro release study. From vitro characterization results, three formulations were selected as potential formulation for in vitro cytotoxicity screening and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. EX1 showed particle size (29.56 nm), Polydispersity index (0.523), Zeta potential (-40.3), & drug release after 120 min. was 99.589±1.85 % EX2 showed particle size (37.65 nm ), Polydispersity index (0.835), Zeta potential (-30.3), & drug release after 120 min was 99.17±1.81 % EX3 showed particle size (44.73 nm), Polydispersity index (0.679), Zeta potential (-15.7), & drug release after 120 min was 98.172±1.29 % due to its low particle size and excellent stability. The dose response curves demonstrated that Exemestane SNEDDS had less cytotoxicity compared to the drug solution alone after 24 hrs but EX2 showed greater % cell inhibition as well as greater AUC Compare to EX3 and EX1. It can be concluded that SNEDDS is a novel and commercially feasible approach to improve oral bioavailability of BCS class-IV drug like exemestane HCL.T aim of present study was the development of hyaluronic acid (HA)-targeted pH-sensitive liposomes (SL-pH-HA) for intracellular delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in the cancer cell that express CD44. The in vitro release studies demonstrated that the release of DOX from SL-pH-HA was pH-dependent, i.e., faster at mildly acidic pH ~5, compared to physiological pH ~7.4. SL-pH-HA was evaluated for cytotoxicity potential on MCF-7 cells. The quantitative uptake study by flow cytometry revealed higher localization of targeted liposomes in the receptor positive cells, which was further confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. The in vivo antitumor activity in tumor bearing mice was also confirmed the efficacy of HA targeted pH-sensitive liposomes. The major side-effect of DOX i.e., cardiotoxicity was also estimated by measuring serum enzyme level. Thus, HA targeted pH-sensitive liposomes were significantly more potent than the non-targeted liposomes in cells expressing high levels of CD44, which suggests that they may be a useful targeted drug carrier to treat CD44-expressing breast tumors.Introduction: Warfarin is the most widely used anticoagulant in the world. The difficulty of managing warfarin contributes to great potential for patient harm, both from excessive anticoagulation and insufficient anticoagulation. Objective: To assess the INR control outcome measures for warfarin therapy, to investigate quality of warfarin prescribing and to assess level of patients’ knowledge on warfarin therapy among outpatients in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). Methodology: The study was based on cross sectional study design involving retrospective chart review and Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge Assessment (OAKA) questionnaires. 360 patients’ charts were included and 130 patients were interviewed in this study. Result: Patients spent 52.2%, 29% and 18.8% of the times in subtherapeutic, therapeutic and supratherapeutic ranges, respectively. The daily warfarin dose was increased in (50.9% and 36.9%) and decreased in (52.8% and 60.9%) of the times for occurrences of subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INRs) to achieve target ranges of 2.0-3.0 and 2.5-3.5 respectively. The majority of patients (76.9%) had moderate knowledge on warfarin therapy. The mean score of patients on correct response was 11.8±2.5 (59.3%± 12.8%). Among interviewed patients only 13.9% of them got passing scores. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study found that quality of anticoagulation management with warfarin among outpatients in TASH was suboptimal. This was reflected by low Time in Therapeutic Range, longer INR monitoring frequency, minimal actions taken to adjust warfarin dose after occurrences of nontherapeutic INRs; and poor patients’ knowledge. Establishing pharmacist managed anticoagulation clinic which supported by computer software programs may be the integral part of anticoagulation management services in TASH.Materials and Methods: Nanoarticles were prepared in two steps. Firstly biodegradable amphiphilic polymer i.e., poly (H2NPEGCA-co-HDCA) was synthesized which is having high encapsulation efficiency. In second step, doxorubicin and peptide encapsulated NPs of synthesized polymer was prepared using double emulsification method reported by Stella (2000) which was further conjugated with transferrin as reported by Minghuang (2010). The optimized NPs formulations such as NpfDox, Npf-Dox-Tf, Npf-Dox-Tf-Ga respectively were used for further studies. Size and size distribution of NPs were determined using a Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments, UK). Shape and surface morphology of NPs were studied using TEM and SEM. In vitro drug release was carried using dialysis bag (MW 1200 da). Ex vivo antitumor studies such as MTT cell cytotoxicity and cell uptake study were carried out on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.HE POSSIBLE anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and hepatoprotective activities of Laurus nobilis L. wood extract was in vitro evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring Nitric Oxide (NO) production by the inflammagen lipopolysacchride. The extract was evaluated for its cytotoxic activity on six different human cancer cell lines together with the normal non-malignant melanocytes cell line (HFB4) using the SRB assay. The hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol toxicity was determined using primary cultured rat hepatocytes. The extract showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity as shown in the amount of nitric oxide produced with a level of 4.3 μM /ml (67 % inhibition), in comparison to the potent anti-inflammatory drug Dexamethasone (95 % inhibition). The extract was found to have moderate cytotoxic activity against the tumor cell lines used at the applied concentrations with IC50 ranging from 15.5 – 47.6 μg/ml compared to the potent cytotoxic drug doxorubicin. The wood extract showed hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol toxic effect at concentration of 20g/ ml. The constitutive phenolics of L. nobilis L. wood were studied and led to the separation and identification of 12 compounds, all isolated for the first time from L. nobilis L. wood and were identified using chemical, conventional and advanced spectral techniques.An oral press-coated tablet was prepared by using direct compression and wet granulation methods to achieve the predetermined lag time. This press-coated tablet containing montelukast sodium in the inner core was formulated with an outer barrier layer by different compositions of hydrophobic polymer ethylcellulose and hydrophilic polymer low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. The effect of formulation composition on the barrier layer comprising both hydrophobic and hydrophilic excipients on the lag time of drug release was investigated. It was observed that lag time decreases with increasing concentration of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. Press coated tablets coated by dry mixing and by wet granulation showed variations in lag time. As compared to dry mixed blend method wet granulation method gives less lag time.Oral salbutamol sulphate has site-specific absorption in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine. Its bioavailability is about 40% due to several factors including narrow absorption window and extensive intestinal metabolism. The aim of this study was to formulate and optimize sustained release floating tablets of salbutamol sulphate in order to improve its bioavailability and reduce its dosing frequency. Accordingly, floating tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique and drug release analysis was performed by HPLC. The effects of polymer level, polymer type (XG or HPMC), polymer ratio (XG/HPMC; 1:1, 1:3, 3:1) and NaHCO3 level on floating lag time, floating duration, cumulative release within 1 hr, and release rate were investigated. From preliminary studies, the polymer with 1:3 (XG:HPMC) ratio and NaHCO3 were selected as significant factors and cumulative release at 1 hr and release rate were chosen as significant responses, respectively. Hence, the effect of these factors were further studied and optimized by central composite design. The most desirable representative optimal point was obtained at 24.79% of XG/HPMC and 5% of NaHCO3 having release rate of 28.49 hr -1/2 and cumulative release at 1 hr of 24%. This formulation is expected to significantly improve bioavailability of salbutamol while remaining buoyant and sustained release INTRODUCTION: Salbutamol sulphate is one of the widely used drugs in the treatment of respiratory disorders like bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and obstructive airway diseases 1 . The relatively short acting injectable and aerosol dosage forms of salbutamol sulphate are recommended for instant relief in severe asthmatic attacks. QUICK RESPONSE CODE DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(5).1877-92 Article can be accessed online on: www.ijpsr.com DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(5).1877-92 The recommended dose of aerosols in adults and children is 2 – 3 inhalations every 4 – 6 hr 2 and for conventional tablets, 2-6 mg (base) is administered three to four times a day 3 which causes poor patient compliance, multiple administration associated side effects, and plasma drug level fluctuation. Salbutamol sulphate has oral bioavailability of only ~40% due to extensive metabolism via intestinal sulphonation, first pass metabolism in the liver, narrow absorption window (site-specific absorption in stomach and upper part of small intestine 4 and degradation in colon 5, 6 . Hence, development of

Network Security Analyzer: Detection and Prevention of Web Attacks

In today’s technology world one may have been attacked or witnessed cyber-attacks on their applications. Currently there are many systems that help you detect as well as prevent various kinds of attacks that your application may be vulnerable to. There is dire necessity to protect your Projects from these kinds of attacks. Using NSA tool, security can be implemented, one can detect and analyze if there is any attack taking place or there has been an attack. NSA helps in detecting all sorts of attacks ranging from databases to network. Cross-Site Scripting, SQL injection, URL rewriting, Buffer Overflow and Cross-Site Request Forgery are amongst the few that are found by NSA. Studies have also showed rapid rise in these attacks, it has become necessary to provide solution to protect the web applications against them. Use of firewalls along with NSA is one of the solutions to mitigate these attacks along with others.

System Attribute Measures of Network Security Analyzer

In this paper, we have mentioned a method to find the performance of projectwhich detects various web - attacks. The project is capable to identifying and preventing attacks like SQL Injection, Cross -- Site Scripting, URL rewriting, Web server 400 error code etc. The performance of system is detected using the system attributes that are mentioned in this paper. This is also used to determine efficiency of the system.

Computerized Forensic Approach Using Data Mining Techniques

Criminal activities are a manifestation of unseen termites that are slowly but steadily decaying the deep rooted pillars of ethics and values established in our society. The evolving technology can be very well be utilized as arms and ammunitions by the law agencies against this social evil of criminalization. In our paper, we propose a novel and unified approach to examine and investigate digital crimes as well as physical crimes. Our model works on the principle of integrating various computerized forensic tools to analyze the reported digital crime and adopts data mining techniques for detecting crime and predicting the criminal in the case of physical crimes. In the first phase the user registered in the system can file a valid case by entering the details of the crime occurred. Depending on the type of crime the case will be evaluated. For detecting and investigating intruder attacks launched on a users system, a set of digital tools is used and the generated report is sent to the intended user. In the event of a physical crime, k-means clustering algorithm is used to generate crime clusters. Based on the crime location the clusters are diagrammatically represented on google maps. We have further incorporated the use of Naïve Bayes classification algorithm for predicting the criminals for a particular crime case based on similar crime activities that happened in the past. If no previous record is found then the new crime pattern is added to the existing crime dataset. Our computerized forensic model aids the victim to amicably cooperate with the law agencies and aims to accelerate the process of crime investigation in order to combat rapidly growing criminal activities.

Empirical relationship between Victim's occupation and their knowledge of Digital Forensic

Computer crime also popularly known as Cybercrime has escalated to such a huge extent that it is now posing a threat to various industries, educational universities and professional organizations as well. The law enforcement agencies, police departments and crime branch units have acknowledged the upsurge in digital crime cases and they have begun to deploy measures to curb this evil phenomenon. In this paper, we inspect about the awareness of digital crime among the general public and illustrate an overview of Cybercrime, with the motive of highlighting the necessity to restrain the impact of cybercrime all over the world. This paper examines the rise in number of cybercrimes in India and takes into consideration the analytical traits of the offenders who commit such crimes. The paper banks on the information obtained from different sects of our country. The experimentation results depict that the top four cyber crimes committed in the past few years such as Internet frauds, data theft, cyber piracy and crime sex were all spread across the internet. The output reveals that cyber crime not only encompasses the internet but it has already expanded across all communities worldwide. The soaring crime rate is a major concern as it is indicative of the huge amount of cyber crime cases enrolled in recent years. The objective of this paper is to provide some guidelines to cybercrime analysts, government organizations, and educational universities.

Computer forensic tool using history and feedback approach

This Digital Forensic investigation is a special field of computer forensic in which the scientific procedures and tools allow the digital evidence to be admissible in a court of law. However there is not a proper guidance or predefined method which is accepted in court of law for investigation. Some tools or techniques provides partial solution to this .In this paper the various challenges with current digital forensic tools are identified. Literature studied demonstrate that no complete ,comparative and automated tool with history keeper and feedback approach exist to manage the crucial activities in the organizations. The major objective is to implement the digital forensic tool which is based on digital forensic framework proposed [3] and also able to manage all suspicious activity in the organization. The proposed digital forensic tool is an automated report generation tool which is having facility of history keeper and feedback approach. Hence this tool will be utilize by all the application without worrying about the field of crime .The tool will work as source of information for new investigator due to new two additional modules mentioned above.