Nor Fazli Adull Manan

Review and current study on new approach using PID Active Force Control (PIDAFC) of twin rotor multi input multi output system (TRMS)

This paper presents initial study of new control PID-Active Force Control (PIDAFC) in controlling twin rotor multi-input multi-output System (TRMS). The objective is to control the TRMS response in order to obey the desired output and rejecting external disturbances. To control the TRMS was challenging since the rotor interact badly at the beam between yaw and pitch. For this reason, it considers as multi input and multi output (MIMO) with nonlinear behavior. The new approach using PID-AFC integrate with neural network and fuzzy logic was proposed to compensate the disturbance occur on TRMS. AFC scheme refer as based controller was used to estimate the disturbance torque while neural network and fuzzy logic act as an optimization device. In initial stage PID-AFC can still be used in minimize the tracking error and rejecting the disturbances. The proposed approach is exhibited through the simulation.

Characterisation of soft tissues biomechanical properties using 3D Numerical Approach

Skin is a multi-layered and complex biological structure, which makes the largest mammalian organ. Its biomechanical behaviour is important in many applications either in medical or engineering field. This sudy aims to simulate human skin deformation based on the information and comparing the biomechanical parameter with experimental procedure developed earlier. The experimental protocol to measure the skin parameters has been conducted successful earlier; and the current study attempts to quantifying the biomechanical properties of human skin using 3D Numerical Approach. Finite element (FE) models were developed using computer aided engineering software to simulate skin deformation. The methodology begins with developing the 3D geometry model of skin using ANSYS. Then, load and boundary condition were applied according to the data and information obtained from the experimental work. Finally, simulations are performed to generate data and results for further analysis and interpretation. The results are found to match available data from literatures. It could be concluded that biomechanical approach could be used in science and medical skin technology to simulate and estimate the natural behaviour of skin and to observe the actual interaction between skin and other materials.

Characterization of electrodeposited nanocrystalline cobalt-iron coating with different iron content

The nanocrystalline cobalt-iron (CoFe) alloy coatings were produced using the electrodeposition technique. Effect of different iron concentrations on the surface morphology, surface roughness, grain size, crystalline texture and wear resistance of the deposited CoFe were investigated. Nanocrystalline CoFe alloy coatings were electrodeposited in a sulfate bath with varying iron sulfate concentration. The temperature and pH were maintained at 40 °C and 3, respectively. The results show that grain size decreased with an increase of iron content in the deposited CoFe alloy coatings. The preferred orientation plane for the alloy coating exhibited an FCC and BCC phase depending on the iron content present in the coating. The microhardness of the nanocrystalline CoFe alloy coating were also seen to increase with higher iron content in the deposited coating. Furthermore, the surface roughness was seen to increase with higher iron concentration of the deposited alloy coating. Interestingly, higher wear resistance ...

An Innovative Improvement on Standard Testing Procedure for Biomaterials under Uniaxial Tension

Numbers of standard testing procedure are available for quality control to produce reliable test results. Nevertheless, there are always areas for improvement to the existing standards. This paper for the first time introduces and assesses the use of additional marker (pin) as an alternative measuring points. This innovative idea is hoped to improve the standard testing procedure (ASTM Standard D2209-00), which covers the uniaxial tensile test for leather. Initial work includes preparing samples (Dogbone shape) according to standard. The standard testng procedure is carried out twice. The first test (stage 1) was according to the original standard and the second test (Stage 2 modified protocol) includes several initial attempts to attach the marker pins at the optimum location. Adjustments are made to ensure the marker pins attached firmly to the sample material before standard measurement of displacement and strains using the common testile test machine. tension test, generating result (Displacement and Strain). The results for both original and modifies procedure are compared. It is found that the modified procedure reduced the variation in displacement and strain measurement. By comparison, a significant reduction (63.57%) of range difference between modified and original is computed. This proves that the current modification is significant and produce better results than the original procedure, which could be beneficial for future research especially in biomaterials engineering.

Internal Model Control oID for MIMO System

This paper propose a robust control design using Internal Model Control (IMC) strategy of a Twin Rotor MIMO System (TRMS). The control target is pitch-axis of TRMS by modeling the equation of motion for horizontal plane and linearized to introduce IMC control scheme. An IMC controller is introduced by selecting a suitable IMC filter. The optimized IMC controller is then modeled to an equivalent oID controller structure and the proportional, integral and derivative gains are obtained analytically. The performance of IMC robust control is presented experimentally and IMC-oID control structure agree reasonably well to the IMC controller. oole placement (oo) and Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) methods are also proposed in this paper. The experimental results show the robustness of IMC-oID compared to these methods. The simulation validation has also shows some degree of accuracy to the real system.