Norma Segatti Hahn

Feeding styles of five species of bottom-feeding fishes of the high Paraná river

SynopsisIn this study the diets of five species of bottom-feeding fishes (Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Trachydoras paraguayensis and Iheringichthys labrosus) were analyzed. Samples were taken in the High Paraná River basin and its floodplain from August 1987 to July 1988 and in February, August and September 1991. The results demonstrated that P. lineatus and S. insculpta were ileophagous, L. platymetopon was detritivorous and I. labrosus and T. paraguayensis were benthophagous. The feeding activity was higher during the flood period for P. lineatus and in dry season for T. paraguayensis. P. lineatus and S. insculpta fed mainly during the day, while I. labrosus and T. paraguayensis during the day and dusk, respectively.

Trophic morphology of five benthic-feeding fish species of a tropical floodplain

This study describes the morphology of the digestive apparatus and the size and organic content of the ingested food of five species of benthic-feeding fishes (Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Trachydoras paraguayensis e Iheringichthys labrosus). The samples were taken in the floodplain of the up Paraná River in February and August 1991. The results suggested that these species have different mouth, teeth, gill rakers, stomach and intestine length. These morphologic characteristics were related with the type, size and nutritional quality of the food ingested. Although these species feed on the bottom, the morphologic divergences probably explain the differences in diet.

Diet seasonality and food overlap of the fish assemblage in a pantanal pond

We assessed the trophic structure of the fish fauna in Sinha Mariana pond, Mato Grosso State, from March 2000 to February 2001. The aim was to determine the feeding patterns of the fish species during the rainy and dry seasons. The diets of 26 species (1,294 stomach contents) were determined by the volumetric method. Insects and fish were the most important food resources: insects were the dominant food of 23% and 27% of the species, respectively, in the rainy and dry season, and fish was the dominant item for 31% of the species in both seasons. Cluster analysis (Euclidean Distance) identified seven trophic guilds in the rainy season (detritivores, herbivores, insectivores, lepidophages, omnivores, piscivores and planktivores), and five trophic guilds in the dry season (detritivores, insectivores, lepidophages, omnivores and piscivores). The smallest mean values of diet breadth were observed for the specialist guilds (detritivores, lepidophages and piscivores), in both seasons. The widest means for diet breadth were observed for the omnivores, regardless of the season. In general, there was no seasonal variation in feeding overlap among the species studied. At the community level, diet overlap values between species were low (< 0.4) for 80% of the pairs in each season, suggesting wide partitioning of the food resource. The fish assemblage showed a tendency toward trophic specialization, regardless of the season, although several species changed their diets. We might consider two non-excludent hypothesis: that there is no pattern on the use of seasonal food resources and/or probably there are several patterns, because each one is based on characteristics of the studied site and the taxonomic composition of the resident species.

Use of food resources by the fish fauna of a small reservoir (rio Jordão, Brazil) before and shortly after its filling

A construcao de reservatorios causa mudancas no curso natural dos rios que afetam direta ou indiretamente a ictiofauna. Alteracoes na disponibilidade dos recursos alimentares favorecem algumas especies e prejudicam outras. Alem das implicacoes decorrentes do represamento, o reservatorio de Jordao tem como caracteristica um grande numero de especies de peixes endemicas, que em funcao dos impactos causados por esse empreendimento, correm risco de extincao. Nesse estudo, nos investigamos como os peixes se comportaram frente as alteracoes no suprimento alimentar, atraves da dieta e organizacao trofica da ictiofauna (antes e apos o represamento). Foram analisados 1861 conteudos estomacais, pertencentes a 27 especies. Oito dessas especies nao foram mais capturadas apos o represamento. Uma analise de correspondencia com remocao do efeito do arco (DCA) discriminou sete grupos troficos. As especies onivoras, insetivoras e invertivoras apresentaram alteracoes temporais acentuadas em suas dietas. Essas mudancas alteraram a composicao (em abundância e biomassa) dos grupos troficos, principalmente apos o represamento. As especies detritivoras e piscivoras mantiveram suas dietas durante todo o periodo de estudos. As analises mostraram que aproximadamente 75% das especies mudaram rapidamente suas dietas de acordo com as alteracoes no suprimento alimentar. Este fato permite inferir que o alimento nao e um fator limitante para a manutencao das especies que permaneceram no reservatorio de Jordao.

Effects of the flood regime on the body condition of fish of different trophic guilds in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil

In this study, we evaluated the influence of various hydrological cycles on the feeding body condition of fish species of different trophic guilds in the Paraná River floodplain, as well as the impacts of upstream impoundments on fish conditions. Attributes of the river floods (duration, time of year, intensity, and variability in a given year) and the body condition, measured by the mean residuals of length-weight ratios, of the detritivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous, invertivores, omnivorous, piscivorous, and planktivorous species were evaluated. Fish were sampled during a period before (1986-1994) and after (2000-2004) the completion of filling of the Porto Primavera Reservoir, which is located upstream from the floodplain area under study. Three sub-basins in the floodplain were sampled: the Ivinheima River, which has no dams; the Paraná River, which has several dams; and the Baia River, which is influenced by the Paraná. A two-way ANOVA identified significant variations in mean body conditions for localities and for the hydrological cycles, and the interactions were also significant. The findings revealed that before the Porto Primavera Reservoir was filled, the body condition of the feeding guilds varied similarly in the three sub basins, but this pattern was not observed after filling was completed. However, in years with minor or no floods, the body condition was high, especially in the sub-basins influenced by Porto Primavera (Paraná and Baía). Pearsons and Spearmans correlations showed that most effects of the floods were unfavorable to the body condition of the guilds, except for the annual variation in water level, which aids herbivores in accessing allochthonous food resources. Detritivores were negatively affected by all flood attributes. A correlation between the relative stomach weight (mean residual of the ratio of total and stomach weights) and the body condition demonstrated the poor relationship between the amount of food intake and weight gain; insectivores were the exception, showing a significant negative correlation. Therefore, for this guild, there is evidence that their food sources during floods have low nutritional value. It is hypothesized that dry years lead to improvement in the nutritional quality of food resources, and that the water released from the upstream dam dilutes and removes these resources without providing new food inputs. This exacerbates the effects of floods on body conditions.

Dieta de espécies de Anostomidae (Teleostei, Characiformes) na área de influência do reservatório de Manso, Mato Grosso, Brasil

The diet of four species of Anostomidae (Leporinus friderici Bloch, 1794, L. striatus Kner, 1858, L. elongatus Valenciennes, 1849 and Leporinus sp.) were investigated in the Manso Reservoir, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Fish were sampled in three sites: upriver, in the main body of the reservoir, and below the dam. Were analized 276 stomachs. The diet was evaluated using the frequency of ocorrence and volumetric methods. Leporinus friderici showed tendency to herbivory, mainly in the upriver site. In the reservoir and below the dam, it consumed large quantities of fish; Isoptera only in the reservoir. Leporinus striatus and L. elongatus have similar diets, consuming Chironomidae larvae (Diptera), whereas Leporinus sp. was more generalist, feeding similar proportions of vegetable, detritus and insect (Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera). The mouths of the species have different positions: terminal in L. friderici, subterminal in L. elongatus and intermediate in L. striatus and Leporinus sp. The diet overlap values were low, except for L. friderici and Leporinus sp. (0.7) in the upriver, and L. striatus and L. elongatus (0.6) below the dam.

Alimentação de peixes piscívoros antes e após a formação do reservatório de Salto Caxias, Paraná, Brasil

Novakowski, G.C., Hahn, N.S. & Fugi, R. Feeding of piscivorous fish before and after the filling of the Salto Caxias Reservoir, Parana State, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. May/Aug 2007 vol. 7, no. 2. http://www. biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n2/pt/abstract?article+bn04107022007. ISSN 1676-0603. This study investigated the feeding patterns of piscivorous fish before and after the filling of Salto Caxias Reservoir, Parana State, Brazil. Specifically, it was determined if the diet of Hoplias malabaricus, Oligosarcus longirostris, Rhamdia branneri and Rhamdia voulezi altered according to prey availability. Fish were sampled monthly from March 1997 to February 1998 (pre-impoundment period) and from March 2000 to February 2001 (post-impoundment period) within the reservoir. Stomach contents of 549 individuals were analyzed and the diet was described as occurrence and volumetric percentage of each item combined in a feeding index. The piscivorous habit was, overall, more evident in H. malabaricus, O. longirostris and R. voulezi. However, for R. branneri mollusks and crabs were more important than fish. After the impoundment, most consumed prey was Astyanax sp. b and Cyphocharax modestus for three of the predators. These prey species were more abundant after the impoundment. Then, there are evidences that the availability, abundance and vulnerability of prey in the reservoir environment are the most important factors influencing predator’s choice.

Dental development and ontogenetic diet shifts of Roeboides paranensis Pignalberi (Osteichthyes, Characinae) in pools of the Upper Rio Paraná floodplain (State of Paraná, Brazil)

Species of the characid genus Roeboides are known for their habit of tearing off and ingesting scales from other fishes. Specimens of Roeboides paranensis were taken monthly from March 1992 through February 1993 in five pools of the upper Rio Paraná floodplain and in one site in the Rio Paraná itself, with the aim of relating the dental development to ontogenetic diet shifts. Between 15-22 mm SL, fish had teeth with hypertrophied bases (mammiform) that moved to the outside of the mouth in both maxillas. During ontogeny, the diet shifted, with the smallest individuals eating more microcrustaceans and the larger ones eating more scales. Lepidophagy is non-obligatory, because the ingestion of insects and other invertebrates occurred at all sizes. Spatial variation in diet was large, however diet similarity was great for Roeboides from three floodplain pools that had similar proportions of the main diet categories.

Alimentação de Oligosarcus longirostris Menezes & Gèry (Osteichthyes, acestrorhynchinae) do Reservatório de Salto Segredo, Paraná, Brasil

In the feeding study of O. longirostris Menezes & Gery, 1983, 211 stomachs from fish caught between March 1993 and February 1994 were analysed. Diet composition was analysed by the index of relative importance which deals with the numerical and gravimetric occurrence frequency. Results indicated that the species is piscivorous and its preferential food consisted oiAslyanax sp. 2. It was also found that Astyanax sp. 3 became an important food item, depending on the site of capture and its availability. Availability of prey seems to have a strong influence on the diet of O. longirostris. This same tendency has been observed during the different seasons of the year. Ontogenetic changes have also been found in the basic diet.

Uso de recursos alimentares por peixes imaturos e adultos de espécies piscívoras em uma planície de inundação neotropical

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of food resources by juveniles and adults of Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans e Salminus brasiliensis from the upper Parana River floodplain, sampled quarterly between March 2007 and December 2008. The quantitative trophic composition was obtained by prey volume (% volume) and diet niche breadth of each piscivorous species, as well as trophic relationships among them through diet similarity and prey size. The diet of the species was composed of fish-preys (42 species), crustaceans and insects, with ontogenetic diet changes, except to P. corruscans. The niche breadth was high to H. aff. malabaricus adults and low to P. corruscans adults and P. squamosissimus juveniles. Diet similarity was high to Characidae species consumers and low to P. squamosissimus juveniles, which consumed mainly crustaceans. Positive correlation was found between prey and predator size, however, each piscivorous species consumed different prey sizes, showing no correlation among them. Results showed that the six species consumed fish since juveniles, however, with low diet similarity intra and inter specific to most of them, and the prey size consumed increased in relation to predator size and varied among species. Thus, the piscivorous species diet depends of prey species distribution and colonization, morphology and feeding behavior of the prey as well as the predator.