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Antitussive activity of the fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae)

The antitussive activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (E. officinalis, Fam. Euphorbiaceae) was tested in conscious cats by mechanical stimulation of the laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial mucous areas of airways. The results showed that at a dose of 50 mg/kg body wt. perorally, the cough suppressive effect of E. officinalis is not unambiguous. A higher dose (200 mg/kg body wt.) of this substance perorally was more effective, especially in decreasing the number of cough efforts (NE), frequency of cough (NE/min(-1)) and the intensity of cough attacks in inspirium (IA+) and expirium (IA-) was more pronounced. These results showed that the cough suppressive activity of E. officinalis is dose-dependent. We could also demonstrate that the antitussive activity of E. officinalis is less effective than shown by the classical narcotic antitussive drug codeine, but more effective than the non-narcotic antitussive agent dropropizine. It is supposed that the antitussive activity of the dry extract of Emblica officinalis is due not only to antiphlogistic, antispasmolytic and antioxidant efficacy effects, but also to its effect on mucus secretion in the airways.

Structural characterization and antitussive activity of a glucuronoxylan from Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.

Abstract From the stems of Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. a water-soluble (4-O-methyl-α- d -glucurono)- d -xylan was isolated by alkaline extraction and fractionation of the crude hemicellulose, employing ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The results of compositional and linkage analysis, supported by NMR spectral data of the polysaccharide, showed the (1→4)-linked β- d -xylopyranosyl backbone with about 15% of 4-O-methyl- d -glucuronic acid attached to O-2 of the xylose residues. The distribution pattern of uronic acid units along the xylan chain was determined by the method based on interpretation of the activity coefficient of the calcium counter-ions, estimated in a molecular-disperse solution of calcium salt of the polysaccharide. The results evidenced that the branching of the xylan molecule is not regular. When tested for antitussive activity on mechanically induced coughing in cats, the glucuronoxylan exhibited a much greater effect in comparison to the drugs used in clinical practice to treat coughing.

Antitussive activity of a rhamnogalacturonan isolated from the roots of Althaea officinalis L., var. robusta

Abstract Rhamnogalacturonan, one of the constituents of the mucilage isolated from the roots of marsh mallow, has been rested for antitussive activity on nonaesthetized cats of both sexes. The cough reflex was induced mechanically. It was found that rhamnogalacturonan reduced significantly the number of cough efforts and the intensity of attacks from the irritated laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial mucose membranes of the airways and promoted expectoration. The exhibited activity was found to be lower than that of the narcotic codeine, but higher than those of the comparative nonnarcotic drugs.

Herbal polysaccharides and cough reflex.

In the last decades plant substances have become a leading form of treatment of many respiratory symptoms, including cough. It has been shown that compounds purified form polysaccharides from Adhatoda vasica, Withania somnifera, and Glycyrrhiza glabra have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antispasmodic action, or antiallergic properties, and they often act as cough suppressants. This work demonstrates new natural substitutes for synthetic antitussives whose application is associated with numerous adverse effects. We investigated pharmacodynamic characteristics of arabinogalacatan samples extracted from A. vasica, W. somnifera, and G. glabra. These extracts showed the ability to reduce citric acid-induced cough in awake guinea pigs after oral administration in a dose of 50mg/kg. The strongest antitussive effect (81%) was found after application of the extract from G. glabra. There was a 67% cough suppression with A. vasica and 61% with W. somnifera, which was comparable with the antitussive activity of codeine (62%).

Red wine polyphenolic compounds inhibit tracheal smooth muscle contraction during allergen‐induced hyperreactivity of the airways

The aims of the study were to investigate the short and long‐term effects of Provinol (red wine polyphenolic compounds) on tracheal smooth muscle reactivity using an in‐vitro model of ovalbumin‐induced airway inflammation in guinea‐pig trachea, and to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the bronchodilatory effect of Provinol.

Effects of selective inhibition of PDE4 and PDE7 on airway reactivity and cough in healthy and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs.

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes responsible for degradation of cAMP and cGMP in cells. Thus, PDE inhibitors may have significant clinical benefit in respiratory diseases associated with inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of selective PDE4 (rolipram, ROL) and PDE7 inhibitors (BRL50481, BRL) on citric acid-induced cough, in vivo and in vitro airway smooth muscle reactivity in both healthy and ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. The drugs tested were administered intraperitoneally to male guinea pigs once daily for 7 days - ROL 1 mg/kg, BRL 1 mg/kg, and ROL+BRL 0.5 mg/kg. Double chamber whole body plethysmography was used for the evaluation of citric acid (0.6 M)-induced cough and specific airway resistance. An organ bath method was used for the measurement of tracheal and lung tissue strip contractions evoked by cumulative doses (10(-8)-10(-3) mol/L) of acetylcholine (ACH) and histamine (HIS). In healthy guinea pigs, the only significant relaxation was observed after ROL in ACH-induced contractions in vitro and the effect on cough was negligible. In ovalbumin-sensitized animals, more pronounced in vitro relaxing effects of BRL in HIS-induced contractions and of combination (ROL+BRL) in ACH-induced contractions were observed, with similar results in vivo, and no significant change in the number of cough efforts was observed in any of the groups tested. The results suggest that PDE4 and PDE7 inhibitors have stronger anti-inflammatory effects compared with direct effects on smooth muscle and cough, with a potential benefit of their concomitant administration.

Antitussive Activity of the Water-Extracted Carbohydrate Polymer from Terminalia chebula on Citric Acid-Induced Cough

Terminalia chebula, a medicinal plant, is widely used in the management of various diseases. As the water extract of its dried ripe fruit is a frequently used preparation, we decided to look for bioactive polysaccharide in this extract. We demonstrate that the obtained polysaccharide fraction, CP, contained a highly branched arabinogalactan protein having a (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)- and (1 → 3, 6)-linked β-D-Galp together with (1 → 5)- and (1 → 3)-linked α-L-Araf and nonreducing end units of α-L-Araf. This polymer possesses strong antitussive property. Our results showed that the number of citric acid-induced cough efforts decreased significantly after the oral application of polysaccharide fraction in a dose of 50 mg kg−1 body weight. Its antitussive efficacy was higher than cough suppressive effect of standard drug codeine. Therefore, traditional aqueous extraction method provides a major polysaccharide, which induces a pharmacological effect: this could represent an attractive approach in phytotherapeutic managements.

Phytotherapy of cough

Abstract The problems emerging from the treatment of cough during many types of respiratory diseases by conventional opioid antitussive agents, such as codeine and codeine-like compounds, are well known. In recent years, much effort has been made to create drugs that exhibit minimum side effect on the organism. One of them is the medicinal plants, which are potential source of substances with high-antitussive efficiency with minimal unwanted effects. Recent trends of modern phytotherapy include specification of active substances responsible for therapeutic effect as well as their quantification in the healing drugs, which enables the treatment rationalization, especially the dosing and pursuing of adverse effects. The purpose of this chapter is to give the overview of some medicinal plants and their active compounds with cough-suppressing activity. The common information about antitussive efficiency of selected herbal products are replenished with results of our ongoing research program related to search for potentially antitussive active herbal polysaccharides.

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Polyphenols and Their Components in Experimental Allergic Asthma

The aim of the study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects in -experimental allergic asthma of natural polyphenolic compounds or their single major components. The experiment was performed after 21-days sensitization of guinea pigs with ovalbumin suspension. Changes in airway reactivity after the long-term treatment with the polyphenolic compounds Provinol and Flavin-7 and their single major components quercetin and resveratrol during were assessed using a whole body plethysmography. Reactivity of tracheal smooth muscle was studied in vitro in response to cumulative doses of the bronchoconstrictive mediators histamine and acetylcholine. Furthermore, concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The results demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects of Provinol and Flavin-7 exerted in the airways. In contrast, chronic treatment with quercetin and resveratrol, single components of the two polyphenols, did not show such activity. We conclude that polyphenolic compounds are more effective in the anti-inflammatory effects in the airways than their separate components.