Nozomu Yamanaka

LONG-TERM EXPERIENCE WITH ORTHOTOPIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT IN WOMEN

PURPOSE We investigated the long-term outcome of orthotopic neobladders in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS At our institutions 8 women have undergone lower urinary tract reconstruction with an orthotopic neobladder and have been followed for more than 4 years. After urethral sparing cystectomy the neobladder was constructed and connected to the native urethra. Late complications were analyzed, and voiding function was evaluated by a pressure flow micturition study and bead-chain cystourethrography. RESULTS No late complications related to the surgery were noted. Of the 8 patients 7 were completely dry day and night. Four patients with ileal neobladder required clean intermittent catheterization, and hypercontinence might have been caused by downward migration of the neobladder and reduced neobladder pressure at voiding. No recurrence in the native urethra was noted, and all patients were satisfied postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS These results of orthotopic neobladder in women are encouraging. Overall patient satisfaction was excellent. An international collaborative study is necessary to achieve the number of patients required to determine the ideal orthotopic neobladder for women.

Surgical management of the urinary tract in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVES To review cases of colorectal cancer requiring urologic management to clarify the role the urologist should play in the surgical procedures. A deterrent to radical surgery for advanced colorectal carcinoma with urinary involvement is the technical complexity and associated morbidity and mortality of this procedure. METHODS Thirty-six tumors in 35 patients, including 19 sigmoid cancers (Stage II, 17; Stage III, 2), 12 rectal cancers (Stage II, 11; Stage III, 1), and 5 local recurrences of colorectal carcinoma in the pelvis were reviewed. All tumors had invaded the bladder, prostate, or ureter. The demographic and clinical characteristics, type of operative procedure, and postoperative complications were analyzed. RESULTS Of the patients with a sigmoid tumor, partial cystectomy was performed in 15 patients who underwent a bladder-sparing procedure; an ileal conduit and ileal neobladder were created in 2 patients each who required cystectomy. Four patients with rectal cancer underwent a bladder-sparing procedure: partial cystectomy in 1, partial cystectomy with ileal ureter in 1, and prostatectomy in 2. The remaining 8 patients underwent cystectomy with the following types of reconstruction: colonic neobladder in 1, ileal neobladder in 4, Indiana pouch in 1, ileal conduit in 1, and ureterocutaneostomy in 1 patient. The bladder was spared in a greater percentage of patients with sigmoid cancer than in those with rectal cancer. The incidence of complications was greater in patients with rectal cancer and local recurrence than in those with sigmoid tumors. The complication rate was especially low in patients who underwent a bladder-sparing procedure (10.5%) compared with patients who required cystectomy (58.3%). The survival in patients with sigmoid cancer who underwent bladder-sparing surgery also was better than in those who underwent cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of advanced colorectal cancer is best managed by a committed team that includes an experienced urologist. Urologists play a critical role in determining the surgical options and creating appropriate urinary diversions to achieve curative resection with the highest quality of life.

CHANGES IN CALCIUM METABOLISM AND BONE DEMINERALIZATION AFTER ORTHOTOPIC INTESTINAL NEOBLADDER CREATION

PURPOSE We evaluated calcium metabolism and bone demineralization by measuring specific markers for bone reabsorption and bone mineral density in patients with an intestinal neobladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 33 men 55 to 72 years old who underwent creation of an orthotopic sigmoid (23), ileocolic (8) or ascending colon (2) neobladder after cystectomy. Mean followup plus or minus standard deviation (SD) was 28.4+/-30.1 months (range 4 to 114). Serum electrolytes and arterial blood gases were measured. As markers of bone absorption we assayed urinary pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline and N-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptides, and serum pyridinoline cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen. Bone mineral density of the spine and femur was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Mean blood pH plus or minus SD was 7.38+/-0.04 (range 7.29 to 7.43). Mean plasma bicarbonate was 22.9+/-3.4 mmol./l. and mean base excess was -1.63+/-3.61 mmol./l. Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, alkaline phosphatase and phosphate were normal in most patients. Mean serum chloride was 108.0+/-3.5 mEq./l., and was elevated in 9 of the 33 patients (27.3%). Serum intact parathyroid hormone was normal in all patients, osteocalcin was increased in 2 and 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was decreased in 2. Pyridinoline cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen was higher in 19 of 33 cases (57.6%) and N-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptides were elevated in 6 (18.2%). Pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline were higher than normal in 19 (57.6%) and 7 (21.2%) patients, respectively. C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and deoxypyridinoline significantly correlated with serum pH (p = 0.017 and 0.0418, respectively). Z score for the bone mineral density of L2 to L4, the femoral neck and Wards triangle was -0.350+/-1.031, -0.82+/-0.99 and -0.94+/-1.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a neobladder of intestinal segments metabolic acidosis results in increased bone absorption and decreased bone mass. Thus, attention should be given to bone metabolism in patients with even mild acidosis after orthotopic neobladder creation.

Long-term assessment of serum vitamin B12 concentrations in patients with various types of orthotopic intestinal neobladder

OBJECTIVES Vitamin B(12) deficiency is an important long-term problem after urinary diversion using an intestinal segment. In this study, we examined serum vitamin B(12) concentrations in patients with neobladders constructed from various intestinal segments to determine the anatomic factors important for avoiding vitamin B(12) deficiency. METHODS Twenty-two patients (19 men and 3 women) had an ileal neobladder (modified Studer type); 9 men had an ascending colonic neobladder (Goldwasser type); 30 patients (24 men and 6 women) had a sigmoid neobladder (modified Reddy type); and 18 (15 men and 3 women) had an ileocolic neobladder (Mainz type). The postoperative follow-up ranged from 3 months to 11 years (mean +/- SD, 3.4 +/- 2.8 years). The serum vitamin B(12) concentration was determined at several points after surgery. RESULTS No patient with a neobladder fashioned from ascending or sigmoid colon developed a low vitamin B(12) concentration. Of the 18 patients with an ileocolic neobladder, 3 (16.6%) developed decreased serum vitamin B(12) concentrations after 5 to 6 years. Of the 22 patients with an ileal neobladder, 3 (13.6%) developed a low serum concentration of vitamin B(12) between 9 months and 3 years after surgery. No patient developed megaloblastic anemia or neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Preservation of the terminal 15 cm of ileum is not sufficient to ensure adequate vitamin B(12) absorption, and thus, preserving the ileal length is important. Use of colonic segments to construct neobladders appears to be preferable to ileal segments to preserve vitamin B(12) absorption.

Long‐term functional outcomes in patients with various types of orthotopic intestinal neobladder

Objectives:  To evaluate the long‐term functional outcomes of various types of orthotopic neobladder (NB).

Value of the serum prostate‐specific antigen‐α1‐antichymotrypsin complex and its density as a predictor for the extent of prostate cancer

Objective To determine whether serum levels of the prostate‐specific antigen‐α1‐antichymotrypsin complex (PSA‐ACT) and its density (ACTD) in patients scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer can predict organ‐confined vs extraprostatic disease.

Ileal Neobladder for Urinary Bladder Replacement following Total Pelvic Exenteration for Rectal Carcinoma

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the ileal neobladder as a substitute for the urinary bladder following total pelvic exenteration for rectal carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Between 1992 and 1998, we performed total pelvic exenteration with ileal neobladder in 5 men with rectal carcinoma. Four patients had primary tumors, and one had recurrent disease after low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Histological types were adenocarcinoma in 4 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1. Invaded organs were: the urinary bladder in 1, the urinary bladder and prostate in 2, the prostate and seminal vesicle in 1, and the prostate in 1. Results: There was no operative death. In 1 patient, an ileal conduit was needed because of partial necrosis of the neobladder. Minor leakage on the dorsal wall of the neobladder occurred in 2 patients, which was successfully stopped with simple closure and a gluteus maximus fasciocutaneous flap, respectively. All except one patient with the ileal conduit could void via the urethra. Complete daytime urinary continence was achieved, but nocturnal continence was maintained with voiding once or twice per night. As the urodynamic state, the mean maximum flow rate was 20.9 ml/s (range 9.0–34.1), the mean average flow rate was 7.7 ml/s (range 3.0–11.0), and the mean voided volume was 285.5 ml (range 160–432). The mean length of follow-up was 47.8 months. One patient died of local recurrence 38 months postoperatively, and 1 died of pneumonia 10 months postoperatively. Both patients could void via the urethra until death. The other three patients are currently alive without any evidence of recurrence. Conclusions: Although total pelvic exenteration is a laborious surgical procedure, an ileal neobladder could be a good alternative to the urinary bladder enabling the patients to void via the urethra with urinary continence.

Percutaneous Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract

Background We evaluated the long‐term effect of percutaneous resection in 2 Japanese patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis, and reviewed the medical literature on similar patients, to determine the appropriate indications for percutaneous treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in the upper urinary tract.

Comparison of the prophylactic usefulness of epirubicin and doxorubicin in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer by intravesical instillation : a multicenter randomized trial

A multicentric randomized trial was conducted for the purpose of investigating the prophylactic efficacy of intravesical epirubicin instillation following transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer in comparison with the efficacy of doxorubicin. The patients were centrally randomized into 2 groups and received 19 intravesical instillations of epirubicin or doxorubicin at 30 mg/30 ml physiological saline twice a week for 4 weeks and then once monthly for 11 months. A total of 150 patients with Ta and T1 superficial bladder cancer were entered in the trial, and 114 were evaluable. The nonrecurrence rates determined for each group at 1 and 2 years by the Kaplan-Meier method were 92.8% and 88.6%, respectively, for the epirubicin group and 86.4% and 81.7%, respectively, for the doxorbicin group. The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. The main side effects encountered in this study were symptoms of bladder irritation such as micturitional pain, pollakisuria, and hematuria. The respective frequencies of those symptoms were 10%, 15.0%, and 5.0% in the epirubicin group and 14,8%, 14.8%, and O in the doxorubicin group. These results suggest that epirubicin is a useful drug, comparable with doxorubicin, for intravesical instillation chemotherapy in the prophylactic treatment of superficial bladder cancer.

Construction and Voiding Functions of Three Types of Orthotopic Neobladders Using Colonic Segments: The Kobe University Experience

Background At Kobe University Hospital we have created orthotopic neobladders since 1988 by using several colonic segments. Various types of neobladders were compared and a detailed description of these procedures and the voiding function outcome is presented.