Nuh Ocak

Performance, carcass, gastrointestinal tract and meat quality traits, and selected blood parameters of broilers fed diets supplemented with humic substances

BACKGROUND The effects of humic substances (HS) on quality traits (colour, water-holding capacity, and pH) of breast and thigh meats and on blood minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and on metabolites (glucose, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterols) as well as on the performance, carcass, and gastrointestinal tract (gut) traits of broilers were studied. In total, 480 male chicks (ROSS 308) were allocated to four treatments, each with five replicates containing 24 birds. While control birds were fed a diet (mash form) with no additives (0 HS), other treatment birds were fed with diets containing HS at 0.5 (0.5 HS), 1.0 (1 HS) or 1.5 (1.5 HS) g kg(-1) from 1 to 42 days of age. RESULTS The body and carcass weights and feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 HS, and blood cholesterol decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 HS and 1.5 HS compared to 0 HS. The 0.5 HS decreased (P < 0.10) low-density lipoprotein compared to 0 HS. The 0.5 HS resulted in thigh meat and breast meat that were lighter and darker than those found in the other groups and 1.5 HS respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Feeding with a diet containing HS caused a measurable variation in the meat quality and blood cholesterol as well as the performance, carcass, and gut traits of broilers.

Effect of different choice feeding methods based on whole wheat on performance of male broiler chickens

A total of 480 1-week-old male broiler chicks of a commercial breed (Ross 308) were allocated randomly to four treatment groups. Each treatment group consisted of three replicates each of 40 chicks. Chicks were fed with the standard compound feed (CP: 230 g/kg and ME: 13.19 MJ/kg as fed basis) during the first week. The treatments were (a) control; (b) compound feed and whole wheat mixture (MF; the content of whole wheat in the mixture was 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg in weeks 2–6, respectively); (c) free choice between compound feed and whole wheat in separate troughs (FCF); (d) standard compound feed (18 h) and whole wheat (6 h) sequentially (SF). FCF increased live weight (LW) and weight gain of chickens when compared to MF and SF (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio of MF was higher than those of control, FCF and SF (P<0.05). Wheat intake was higher in MF than FCF and SF (P<0.05). Carcass weight of chickens in control and FCF were higher than that of MF and SF, and also carcass weight of chickens in SF was higher than that of MF (P<0.05). Full gut weight, abdominal fat, empty gizzard weight and edible inner organs (g/100 g LW) were increased by choice feeding treatments when compared to control (P<0.05). It is concluded that the FCF method can be used effectively with broiler chicks.

Growth, slaughter and gastrointestinal tract traits of three turkey genotypes under barn and free-range housing systems

1. This study was conducted to assess the impact of genotype and outdoor access (and gender when appropriate) on growth rate and carcass yield. 2. One slow-growing genotype (Bronze; B, n = 129), a commercial fast-growing genotype (Hybrid; H, n = 186) and a medium-growing genotype (crosses; H × B, n = 78) were housed (straight-run) for 21 weeks of age. Each genotype was assigned to 3 pens of 20–23 birds each and raised in indoor floor pens in a curtain-sided house with ventilation fans; the B, H and H × B genotypes were also assigned to 3, 4 and 2 floor pens (2 m2 approximately) with outdoor access (during daylight hours), respectively. All animals were fed ad libitum a commercial diet and birds were commercially processed. After reaching the commercial live weight at 17 and 21 weeks of age, 4 birds (two females and two males) per replicate were slaughtered to determine the yields of carcass, breast, and thigh, abdominal fat and edible inner organs. Gastrointestinal tract characteristics such as length and weight of whole gut were analysed. 3. No significant interaction between genotype and housing systems was observed. Significant differences were found for all traits among genotypes. The live weight was higher in H and H × B genotypes from 7 to 15 weeks and from 7 to 21 weeks of age compared to B genotype, respectively. The live weight of H genotype was higher than that of H × B genotype from 15 to 21 weeks of age. The carcass weight and yield, and the relative weights of the edible inner organs and whole gut, and the relative length of whole gut were significantly affected by genotype and sex of birds. Differences in growth performance, relative weight of breast meat, wings or thighs between birds raised on barn or free-range were negligible. In conclusion, while the development in growth performances was related to strain, the traits at slaughter were related to both strain and sex, and were unaffected by housing system.

Effects of humic substances supplementation provided through drinking water on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of broilers.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of different doses of humic substances (HS) in waterer pan on broiler performances and meat quality. For the trial, 480 chicks (ROSS 308) were allocated into four groups (HS0, HS150, HS300 and HS450) of 120 equally mixed-sex birds, each receiving a drinking water supplemented with 0, 150, 300 and 450 ppm of a humic acid (provided by 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of HS, v/v) respectively. At the age of 21 and 42 days, feed consumption and live weight were taken. At the age of 42 days, 16 birds per treatment were slaughtered, dressing percentages, digestive tract traits were evaluated and samples of breast (pectoralis major) and thigh (iliotibialis) meat were taken to evaluate the changes in colour characteristics (CIE L*, a* and b*) and chemical composition. The body weight gain increased by the HS300 in relation to the HS0 and HS450, and decreased by the HS450 in relation to the HS0. The feed consumption of birds in the HS450 and feed efficiency of birds in the HS300 were lower and higher than those in the other treatments respectively. The carcass weight of broilers in the HS150 and HS300 were higher than those of in the HS0 and HS450. The carcass weight decreased by the HS450 in relation to the other treatments. The dressing percentage increased by the HS150 in relation to the HS450. The HS450 resulted in breast and thigh meat colour that were lighter than those found in the HS0 birds. The HS450 increased fat content of thigh meat in relation to the HS0. It was concluded that the humic acid supplementation at 300 ppm and 450 ppm appears to have a measurable impact on live performance improving feed efficiency and lightness of breast and thigh meat colours in broilers respectively.

A study on feeding hazelnut kernel oil meal as a protein source for broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKM) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets for broiler. A total of 450 one-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated randomly to three treatment groups of 150 birds each in a randomized design. Each treatment group consisted of five replicates each of 30 chicks. All diets (in mash form) were formulated to meet nutrient concentrations recommended for broilers. The experiment lasted for six weeks. In the experiment, an SBM control (SBM) diet was compared to two HKM diets, replacing 50 (50HKM) and 100% (HKM) of SBM protein, respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers were adversely affected (P < 0.05) by the HKM diets at 42 days of age. Broilers fed 50HKM and HKM had growth performances similar (P > 0.05). The carcass yield and abdominal fat pads of birds fed diets with SBM were higher (P < 0.05) than those of chicks fed the 50HKM and HKM diets. The edible inner organ weight of chicks fed diets with HKM was the heaviest (P < 0.05). It is concluded that SBM cannot be replaced even up to 50% with HKM in commercial broiler diet.

Performance, meat quality, meat mineral contents and caecal microbial population responses to humic substances administered in drinking water in broilers

Abstract 1. This study was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of humic substances (HS) administered in drinking water on caecal microflora and mineral composition and colour characteristics of breast and thigh meats and the growth performance, carcass and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits of broiler chicks. 2. A total of 480 3-d-old broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 4 cages per treatment and 30 bird (15 males and 15 females) chicks per cage. All birds were fed on commercial basal diet. The control birds (HS0) received drinking water with no additions, whereas birds in the other treatment groups received a drinking water with 7.5 (HS7.5), 15.0 (HS15.0) and 22.5 (HS22.5) g/kg HS. Mush feed were provided on an ad libitum basis. Body weight and feed intake of broilers were determined at d 0, 21, and 42, and feed conversion ratio was calculated. On d 42, 4 broilers (2 males and 2 females) from each cage were slaughtered and the breast and thigh meats were collected for mineral composition and quality measurements. 3. Performance, carcass and GIT traits and caecal microbial population of broiler chicks at d 42 were not affected by the dietary treatments. The lightness (L*) of breast and thigh meat decreased in broilers supplemented with 15 and 22.5 g/kg HS in drinking water. Although the redness (a*) of breast meat increased, yellowness of thigh meat decreased in broilers supplemented with 15 and 22.5 g/kg HS in drinking water (P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, the 15 and 22.5 g/kg HS administration in drinking water can be applied for broiler chicks to maintain growth performance and improve meat quality without changing caecal microflora.

Some Gastrointestinal Tract Characteristics of Karayaka Ram Lambs Slaughtered at Different Weights

Thirty-one Karayaka ram lambs were slaughtered at different body weights (30 (n  =  7) , 35 (n  =  6) , 40 (n  =  7) , 45 (n  =  6) , and 50 (n  =  5)  kg of body weight at fast) to evaluate the growth of their gastrointestinal tract (GIT) characteristics, to determine the relationship among slaughter body weight (SBW) and empty body weight (EBW), whole GIT and segments, and the influence of slaughter weight on the pH of rumen, jejunum, and cecal contents. The effects of the SBW on GIT weight (P  <  0.05) , stomach ( P  <  0.001) , and intestine (P  <  0.05) , the body length (P  <  0.001) and caecum (P  <  0.05) , and the relative weights of GIT (P  <  0.05) , stomach (P <  0.001) , and intestine (P  <  0.001) were linear whereas that for the length of intestine were quadratic. The effect of SBW were quadratic (P  <  0.05) on ratios of stomach to GIT weight and intestine length to intestine weight and rumen pH while, for the intestine to GIT weight ratio (P  <  0.001) and caecum pH (P  <  0.05) , this effect was linear. The results indicated that for all parameters studied, with the exception of intestinal length and cecal pH, linear relationships were observed with SBW indicating steady growth rates for these tissues.

Economic analysis of fertilization based on nutritional value of rangeland: A new opinion

Concepts behind the best management practices of rangeland improvement include production, economics, as well as social and environmental aspects. Although revenue in rangelands can be increased by fertilization, total production cost can increase and as a result, net benefit may reduce due to increase in fertilizer application cost. This study examined differences between three economic analysis models (EAM): total revenue based on i) hay yield (HY), ii) conversion rate of consumable crude protein to meat on the hoof in cow-calf (CPM) and iii) yield and relative feed value (RFV) index as a new opinion to highlight the economic aspects related to the N (0, 60 and 120 kg ha), P (0, 60 and 120 kg ha) and K (0 and 80 kg ha) fertilization (NPK) in degraded rangelands. For this purpose, a series of data, gathered from an experiment conducted to increase the productivity of degraded rangelands by fertilization were analyzed. The results were most dissimilar for ‘the revenue’ variable and this difference lies in the fact that the EAMs estimated income in different ways. Due to the different revenue measurements, net benefit of CPM was the highest, while that of HY was the lowest. The HAY and RFV models indicate that NPK fertilizers did not increase forage production enough to be profitable for animal production. This study does not strive to suggest one EAM over another; however, it examines the respective models concerning various data and describes underlying characteristics of EAMs to obtain a given increase in net benefit. Meranın besin değerine dayalı gübrelemenin ekonomik analizi: Yeni bir görüş

Doğal florada kendiliğinden yetişen sarıçiçekli gazal boynuzu (Lotus corniculatus L.) ve dar yapraklı gazal boynuzu (Lotus tenuis Waldst.&Kit.) türlerinin toprak tercihleri, komşu bitkileri ve yem değerleri

Bu calismada, Karadeniz Bolgesi dogal florasinda yetisen saricicekli gazal boynuzu ( Lotus corniculatus L.) ve dar yaprakli gazal boynuzu ( L. tenuis Waldst. & Kit.) turlerinin tercih ettigi toprak ozellikleri ile etkilesim halinde oldugu bitki turleri ve yem degerleri incelenmistir. L. corniculatus , L. tenuis ’e gore daha yuksek kirec (90.9’a karsilik 66.4 g kg -1 , P=0.003) ve pH’li (7.41’e karsilik 7.14, P=0.001), dusuk organik maddeli (20.0’a karsilik 26.8 g kg -1 , P=0.001) topraklari tercih ettigi belirlenmistir. L. corniculatus ’un 89 (%20.2 baklagil, %22.5 bugdaygil ve %57.3 diger familyalar), L. tenuis ’in ise 61 (%41.0 baklagil, %19.7 bugdaygil ve %39.3 diger bitki familyalar) farkli bitki turune komsu oldugu belirlenmistir. Komsu bitki familyalarinin frekansi bakimindan iki tur arasindaki farklilik onemli bulunmustur ( c 2 =10.814, P=0.004). Gazal boynuzu turleri ile etkilesim halinde yetisen dominant bitki turleri Medicago lupulina , Trifolium pratense , Trifolium repens , Cynodon dactylon , Lolium perenne ve Plantago lanceolata oldugu belirlenmistir. Dactylis glomerata ’nin da L. corniculatus ’a yuksek oranda komsu oldugu belirlenmistir. L. tenuis , daha yuksek fosfor, metabolik enerji ve nispi yem degeri ile daha dusuk asitte ve notral cozeltide cozunmeyen lif oranina sahip olmustur. Sonuc olarak kurulacak suni mera tesislerinde ve dogal meralarin islahinda dogal ortamda gazal boynuzu turleri ile uyum icerisinde yetisen ve olumlu etkilesim gosteren yukarida soz edilen turler tercih edilmelidir.

Effects of birth weight and feeding system on fattening performance and feeding behaviour of Karayaka male lambs

To determine effects of birth weight (BtW) and feeding system on fattening performance and behavioural responses of lambs, after birth 28 Karayaka male lambs were divided into two BtW groups, namely a low BtW (4.1±0.06 kg) and high BtW (5.0±0.09 kg). After weaning (90 days of age), seven lambs in each of these groups were fed individually ad libitum with total mixed ratio (TMR), consisted of 80% of a compound feed and 20% of roughage based on a dry matter basis (140 g crude protein and 2550 kcal ME/kg) and the other seven lambs were fed on the same ingredients as that of TMR but each ingredient was put in separate troughs (free choice feeding, FCF). Therefore the lambs were distributed into four groups according to 2 (low vs high BtW) × 2 (TMR vs FCF) factorial design. Live weight gains and intakes of dry matter, feedstuffs and nutrients of the lambs were affected by the FCF, but not by the BtW and their interaction. The daily weight gain (P<0.01), intakes of soybean meal and corn (P<0.01), dry matter (P<0.05), protein and energy (P<0.01) of FCF-fed lambs were higher than those of TMR-fed lambs. FCF-fed lambs consumed less alfalfa hay, wheat bran and barley than TMR-fed lambs (P<0.01). The FCF increased rumination (P<0.01) and tend to rest more (P<0.05) compared to the TMR. The study suggests that FCF system can assist in enhancing the live weight gain by promoting the protein and energy intakes and by improving the welfare of lambs.