Nuwong Chollacoop

Spray Visualization of Biodiesel and Diesel in a High Pressure Chamber

The present research attempted to characterize fuel spray pattern, such as spray angle, spray penetration and their mixture formation by recourse to images analysis. Diesel and biodiesel were used to investigate via a single hole injector (solinoild type) in a constant volume high-pressure chamber. In this experimental study, the spray characteristics of diesel and biodiesel fuel were comparatively evaluated. Initial conditions were ambient temperature, ambient density of 21 kg/m3, injection durations varied from 0.5 and 1 ms and rail pressure of 400 and 800 bar. The series of images were captured by high speed video camera with resolution of 7,500 frames per second and shutter speed of 1/10,000 sec under Schlieren photography technique. The result showed the biodiesel spray penetration was longer than that of the diesel, and spray angle of biodiesel in start injection was larger than biodiesel. From the results, it can be concluded that the higher the density and viscosity of biodiesel, the stronger the effect on the spray mixture formation.

Effects of hydrothermal temperature and time of hydrochar from Cattail leaves

Hydrochar have been successfully synthesized from Cattail leaves via hydrothermal carbonization. This research study the effect of hydrothermal temperature (160-200 °C) and reaction time (4-24 h) to develop porosity and surface area. The sample have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize morphology, surface function and disorder in carbon structure respectively. The results revealed that hydrothermal-carbonization process affect on the properties of hydrochar. The hydrothermal temperatures and time were increased resulted in the decomposition of hydrochar gradually increased amorphous carbon and aromatic groups on surface of hydrochar. Cattail leaves was hydrothermal carbonization at 200 °C for 12 h resulted in the most degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose.

Oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel produced from Jatropha Curcas L using Rancimat and PetroOXY method

ABSTRACT In the present work, the oxidation stabilities of oil biodiesel fuel from Jatropha curcas L were investigated by using both Rancimat and PetroOXY test method. Three types of conventional antioxidants, i.e. butylated hydroxytoluene, 6,6-di-tert-butyl-2,2-methylenedi-p-cresol, and commercialized amine, were employed and the oxidation stability effects of those additives were examined. Oxidation stability was influenced differently depending on the type of antioxidants and their concentrations. The obtained experimental data from Rancimat and PetroOXY test methods resulting in a linear correlation at various mixtures shows the potential use of PetroOXY test method for future analytical oxidation stability test. In this research, the changes in the chemical properties of fuel sample, such as: peroxide value, acid value, composition, and kinematic viscosity, obtained from the experimental work were thoroughly discussed.

Zeolite P from kaolin via hydrothermal method

Zeolite P has been successfully synthesized from natural kaolin via two step hydrothermal process. The natural kaolin from Lampang, Thailand was studied for this research. In first hydrothermal, kaolin was mixed with sodium hydroxide solution at 200 oC for different reaction times from 3 – 5 hours, respectively .Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were added into the mixture to adjust their pH before they were formed into gel. Second hydrothermal process, the gel was kept of 90 oC for 3 days to obtain zeolite P. Synthesized zeolite P was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for identification the type and crystallization. Besides, the morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy )SEM.( The functional group was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From this study, it was found that the increasing of reaction time in first hydrothermal activation and hydrochloric acid concentration lead to the high quality of zeolite P

Influence of Temperature and Alkaline Activation for Synthesis Zeolite A from Natural Kaolin

Zeolite A from natural kaolin have been successfully synthesized via calcination and hydrothermal. However, these techniques have one drawback since, the impurities in kaolin such as muscovite and quartz in the kaolin structure, which depend on temperature and alkaline activation. This work was separated into two steps, first step was used calcination technique, and second step was used hydrothermal technique. Reaction of temperature in the first step was studied the influence of temperature from 500°C to 800°C for 3 hours. In this step, kaolin transformed to metakaolin and remain the impurities. Next, reaction of alkaline activation in second step was studied about the influence of NaOH. The concentration of NaOH in hydrothermal was varied from 1M to 4M and mixed with metakaolin at 90°C for 72 hours. X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for characterization. The solid products were formed to zeolite A at 1M NaOH hydrothermal with 500°C to 800°C calcination and it can be seemed good of euhedral structure at 700°C

Zeolite Supported Bimetallic Catalyst System: The Effect of Metal Loading for Catalytic Pyrolysis of Jatropha Residue

Two transition metals were loaded on H-ZSM-5 zeolite to produce bimetallic zeolite supported catalysts for catalytic pyrolysis reaction. Ni and Co metal were loaded on H-ZSM-5 via wet impregnation method. The loading sequence was applied using one-step and two-step loading method. The different loading sequence affect surface properties of catalyst and catalytic activity in pyrolysis reaction. The bimetallic catalysts were prepared at Ni+Co metal loading content of 10+10 wt% (Ni:Co=1:1) to 10+20 wt% (Ni:Co=1:2 or 2:1). All bimetallic catalysts supported on H-ZSM-5 were calcined and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Surface area analysis (BET) and Temperature Programmed Desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). The XRD patterns of bimetallic zeolite supported catalysts revealed that loading of two metals at high content affect crystalline structural of ZSM-5 support. All XRD patterns illustrated peaks characteristic of ZSM-5, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide. The NH3-TPD results showed number of acid sites of the catalyst which revealed that the acid sites of ZSM-5 support was weakened with transition metal added. The two-step loading of 10+20 wt% metals on ZSM-5 reduced the peak intensities of NH3 desorption due to the metal particles aggregate on acid sites of ZSM-5. The two-step 10+20 wt% bimetallic catalysts has the lowest surface acidity, followed by the one-step 10+20 wt%, the two-step 10+10 wt% and the one-step 10+10 wt% bimetallic catalysts, respectively. Jatropha residue was used for catalytic pyrolysis study. Jatropha residue and bimetallic catalyst was pyrolyzed at 500 °C in a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The product vapor was analyzed by GC/MS for the different groups of organic products such as fatty acid, aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen compounds. The product from catalytic pyrolysis of jatropha residue with bimetallic zeolite supported catalysts enhance deoxygenation reaction that resulted in high aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons product. The one-step loading at ratio Ni:Co = 1:1 (10+10 wt%) gave the highest hydrocarbons product yield at 57.81%.

Pre-Immobilization of Anaerobic Mixed Culture on Electrode of the Upflow Bio-Filter Circuit Microbial Fuel Cell

Microbial extracellular electron transfer is a significant process in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Owing to many potential losses in the electron transfer from microorganism to an electrode, a promotion of microbial attachment to electrode should be a productive solution to this difficulty of MFC. We also introduced here a prior colonization of microbes on electrode instead of a conventional immobilization which entirely occurred in a MFC reactor to expedite an attachment of microorganisms on the electrode surface. Coconut shell-based granular activated carbons (CGACs) used as one of the electrodes in the upflow bio-filter circuit microbial fuel cell were immersed in Lysogeny broth (LB) at pH 7 before an inoculation of anaerobic consortium from a wastewater treatment plant was performed. The immobilization was proceeded in an Erlenmeyer flask at 30°C with a shaking speed of 100 rpm throughout an experiment. CGACs taken from a collection of flasks were examined a surface with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the 3rd day of immobilization, SEM images showed that a colonization was seen obviously in large pores on CGAC surface. There were quite plentiful possessions on a rough surface while smooth surface not supporting well at the beginning got worse in attraction of bacteria on day 9 of immobilization. An addition of fresh LB into immobilization solution was conducted to improve the microbial attachment to smooth surface of CGAC. At 9 days after inoculation, the consequence of fresh medium filling did obviously raise the number of bacteria on the plain surface as opposed to earlier experiment.

Effect of Alkaline Activation on Low Grade Natural Kaolin for Synthesis of Zeolite A

The conventional technique to synthesizes zeolite A from kaolin is calcination. However, this technique has one drawback since, the impurities in kaolin, such as muscovite and quartz, remain. Therefore, the hydrothermal process without calcination is used to synthesize high purity zeolite A. Hydrothermal synthesis without calcination can be separated into two steps, namely first and second hydrothermal steps. Alkaline activation reaction in the first hydrothermal step was used to study the effect of NaOH concentration ranging from 4M, 6M, 8M, 10M to 12M at 200°C for 3 hours. In this step, sodium aluminosilicate (cancrinite and nepheline hydrate) was produced and then dissolved in HCl. After filtration, the impurity was removed, and adjusted for neutral pH of 7 to form amorphous aluminosilicate gel. For the second hydrothermal step, amorphous gel was mixed with NaOH (1-4M) to form zeolite A at 90°C for 3 days. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used for characterization.

Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Ruthenium Supported Alumina Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A Ru/ɤ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared using by sol-gel technique in order to study its conversion and selectivity in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS). The effects of reaction conditions on the performance of a catalyst were carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The variation of the steady-state experiments were investigated under reaction temperature of 160-220˚C, inlet H2/CO molar feed ratio of 1/1-3/1, which both atmospheric pressure and gas space hour velocity of 1061 hr− 1 were restricted. The influence of changing factors on CO conversion and on the selectivity of the formation of different hydrocarbon products in the reaction conditions was performed and compared to assess optimum operating conditions. In terms of FTS results, the increase of reaction temperatures led to increase of CO conversion and light hydrocarbon, while higher H2/CO ratio has strongly influenced to increase the selectivity to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and chain growth probability (α). Moreover, our catalyst was also markedly found to maintain selectivity to diesel faction for a wide range of H2/CO molar feed ratios from BTL application.

Investigations of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfers in a Modified Reactor Using Fluid Mixers

The performance of a packed-bed reactor typically used in Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) or Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) technologies in producing liquid fuels was affected by unfavorable high pressure drop, flow and temperature maldistributions which in turn could cause severe catalyst deactivation, and result in inefficient reaction etc. A certain types of fluid mixers such as KenicsTM or Mixing & Stirring type static mixers had been suggested to improve the performance of this type of reactor. In order to design a proper modified reactor by mean of an installation of such mixing structures for the pilot plant in liquid fuel production via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) conducted at the RCC research center, this study had to characterize the hydrodynamics and heat transfers within a packed-bed modified by KenicsTM and Mixing & Stirring type static mixers. During the FTS, the syngas i.e. CO and H2 was fed through the bed of catalyst causing the temperature rise due to an exothermic enthalpy, and the flow and temperature distributions of mixed gas within the catalyst bed were influenced. The improved velocity and temperature distributions and heat transfers were exhibited by using such mixers e.g. rather uniform distributions and higher heat transfer coefficient. Thus, the better performance of the reactor could be expected.