O. Kheroua

A thirteen week ad libitum administration toxicity study of tartrazine in Swiss mice

Tartrazine is a colorant widely used in food products, drugs and cosmetics. The current study evaluates the effect of sub-chronic ingestion of tartrazine in drinking water at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.45, 1 and 2.5% for 13 weeks in mice. Our results show that female body weight gain and food consumption decreased in all treated groups, while fluid consumption increased. The red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit were increased in male 2.5% treated groups and the white blood cell count decreased in all treated groups. In both sexes of the 2.5% doses groups, total proteins, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminases were higher. Histological examinations showed brain, liver and kidney damages in animals treated with 1 and 2.5% doses. We concluded that at doses of 1 and 2.5% in drinking water, tartrazine induces weight depression and adverse effects on brain, liver and kidney. Keywords: Tartrazine, subchronic toxicity, hematology, biochemical parameters, histology. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(28), pp. 4519-4529

Allergenic changes in β-lactoglobulin induced by microwave irradiation under different pH conditions

Abstract The allergenicity of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) was assayed by Ussing chamber after microwave irradiation of whey proteins at different pH values, in a murine model of BLG allergy. BALB/c mice were sensitised intraperitoneally with BLG. Serum levels of BLG-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgE were analysed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Local anaphylactic responses and residual allergenicity of various treated whey proteins were performed in vitro in Ussing chamber. BLG immunisation was associated with strong IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgE production, a significant increase in short current circuit (Isc) and high conductance (G) response. The allergenic potential of BLG was markedly reduced after microwave irradiation at 300 or 700 W of whey proteins at pH values 6.8 or 4.6 (Isc and G remained unchanged after intestine challenge with treated whey proteins). The application of microwave irradiation of whey proteins at the natural milk pH (pH 6.8) or pH 4.6 induces a significant decrease in the BLG allergenicity.

Supplementation of olive mill wastes in broiler chicken feeding

This work was conducted in order to study the value of olive mill wastes as diet on the growth performance, abdominal and muscle fat deposition, adipose and muscle tissues fatty acid composition in broilers. 200 male chickens that were 2 weeks old, 50 for each diet, were assigned to one of the three diets containing 5, 10 or 15% olive mill wastes (OMW) compared to control diet (CD). There were no significant differences in body and weight gain, final body carcass, thighs and pectoral muscle weight between birds. The same observation was seen for abdominal tissue fat (% of body weight) of which no differences were detected in birds fed OMW diet compared to those fed on the control diet. Linoleic acid proportion increases significantly in the pectoral muscle (p unchanged in abdominal fat. Oleic acid proportion increases in thigh muscle (p significantly in pectoral muscle (p identical growth performances and affect abdominal and muscle fat deposition and fatty acid composition.

Preventive effects of royal jelly against anaphylactic response in a murine model of cow’s milk allergy

Abstract Context: Royal jelly (RJ) has long been used to promote human health. Objective: The current study investigated the preventive effects of RJ against the development of a systemic and intestinal immune response in mice allergic to cow’s milk proteins. Materials and methods: Balb/c mice treated orally for seven days with RJ at doses of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg were sensitized intraperitoneally with β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg). Serum IgG and IgE anti-β-Lg were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma histamine levels, symptom scores and body temperature were determined after in vivo challenge to β-Lg. Jejunums were used for assessment of local anaphylactic responses by an ex vivo study in Ussing chambers and morphologic changes by histological analysis. Results: RJ significantly decreased serum IgG (31.15–43.78%) and IgE (64.28–66.6%) anti-β-Lg and effectively reduced plasma histamine level (66.62–67.36%) (p < 0.001) at all the doses tested. Additionally, no clinical symptoms or body temperature drops were observed in RJ-pretreated mice. Interestingly, RJ significantly reduced (p < 0.001) intestinal dysfunction by abolishing the secretory response (70.73–72.23%) induced by sensitization and prevented length aberrations of jejunal villi by 44.32–59.01% (p < 0.001). Discussion and conclusions: We speculate that using RJ may help prevent systemic and anaphylactic response in allergic mice. These effects may be related to its inhibitory effects on the degranulation of mast cells.

Effect of a normal protein diet on oxidative stress and organ damage in malnourished rats

BackgroundWe investigated the effects of three weeks of renutrition with a normal protein diet on oxidant/antioxidant status in malnourished rats using biochemistry and histology.MethodsEighteen young Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group was fed on a normal protein diet; malnourished group was fed on low protein diet and renourished group was fed on low protein diet followed by a normal protein diet. Serum albumin was evaluated. Malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were determined in the intestine, muscle and liver. Intestinal and hepatic damage were assessed by histological examination.ResultsProtein malnutrition resulted in a significant decrease of body weight, albumin level, villus length, intraepithelial lymphocytes counts (IELC) and superoxide dismutase level (liver and muscle). However, catalase activity increased significantly in muscle and gut but there was no difference in liver. In all organs, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content of malnourished group showed a significant increase. Interestingly, a normal protein diet for three weeks resulted in a return to normal levels of superoxide dismutase, albumin, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl in all organs. Catalase activity decreased in the muscle and gut and exhibited no significant difference in the liver. The renutrition diet enhanced also the recovery of intestinal epithelium by increasing villus length. Hepatic damage of rats fed normal protein diet was markedly reduced (macrovesicular steatosis decreased by 45%).ConclusionThe normal protein diet could improve the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and organ damage induced by protein malnutrition.

Sulfanilic acid increases intracellular free-calcium concentration, induces reactive oxygen species production and impairs trypsin secretion in pancreatic AR42J cells

We studied the effects of the tartrazine-metabolite sulfanilic acid on the physiology of pancreatic AR42J cells. Sulfanilic acid (1 μM-1 mM) induced a slow and progressive increase in intracellular free-calcium concentration that reached a plateau. The effect of sulfanilic acid was not concentration-dependent. Stimulation of cells with thapsigargin (1 μM) after treatment with sulfanilic acid (1 mM) induced a smaller Ca2+ response compared with that obtained with thapsigargin alone. Sulfanilic acid induced a concentration-dependent production of reactive oxygen species; however, this effect was not Ca2+-dependent. Depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed at the concentration of 1 mM sulfanilic acid. In the presence of the compound a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio was observed. A decrease in the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 was noted. Finally, stimulation of cells with CCK-8 led to a concentration-dependent increase of trypsin secretion that was impaired by pretreatment of cells with sulfanilic acid. Preincubation of cells with the antioxidant melatonin (100 μM) reduced the effect of sulfanilic acid on trypsin secretion. We conclude that sulfanilic acid might induce oxidative stress, which could alter Ca2+ signaling and enzyme secretion in pancreatic AR42J cells. This creates a situation potentially leading to damage of the exocrine pancreas.

Association of REL Polymorphism with Cow's Milk Proteins Allergy in Pediatric Algerian Population

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cows milk proteins allergy (CMPA) pathogenesis involves complex immunological mechanisms with the participation of several cells and molecules involved in food allergy. The association of polymorphisms in the interleukin 4, Forkhead box P3 and the avian reticuloendotheliosis genes was investigated in an infant population with CMPA of Western Algeria. Materials and methods: We obtained DNA and clinical data from milk allergic subjects during active phase and from a group of non-atopic control subjects. Results: Our findings showed that the allele G of the cRel gene intronic polymorphism at +7883 positions was significantly higher among cows milk proteins allergic patients compared to control subjects. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a possible association of CMPA with cRel G+7883T polymorphism.

Bovine lactoferrin allergenicity as studied in murine model of allergy

ABSTRACT In our study, we tried to investigate the allergenic properties of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) at different doses. The lactoferrin (LF) allergenicity was explored using murine model of allergy through measuring anti-LF IgG, IgG1 and IgE antibodies (Abs) responses and by in vivo anaphylactic reactions in LF sensitized mice. A histological examination of intestinal lamina propria was performed to assess gut inflammation. Four groups of mice (Balb/c) were sensitized intraperitoneally to bLf using different doses (1%, 2%, 5% and 10%). Histological study of intestinal lamina propria revealed a marked decrease in villus length in 5% and 10% sensitized mice groups. Also, high levels of anti-bLf IgG and IgE were observed. Concerning the in vivo reactions, all groups developed clinical symptoms of anaphylactic reactions at different stages. Our findings show that LF-sensitized mice at 5% and 10% developed important clinical symptoms after intraperitoneal challenge with LF. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Immunothérapie sublinguale au lait de vache

Introduction Le lait bovin contient plus de trente proteines, toutes potentiellement allergisantes, parmi lesquelles les caseines, la betalactoglobuline (β-Lg) et l’alfa lactalbumine(l’α-La) et le serum albumine sont les allergenes les plus importants bien que chaque proteine ait un potentiel allergisant. L’APLV est l’allergie alimentaire la plus frequente rencontree dans la petite enfance. Quand l’allergie alimentaire perdure, quand son evolution n’est pas spontanement favorable, il est tentant d’essayer une immunotherapie a l’aliment en cause. L’objectif de notre travail est d’etudier l’efficacite de l’induction de tolerance au lait de vache par voie sublinguale chez des souris Balb/C sensibilisees aux proteines de lait de vache par voie intraperitoneale. Methodes Une etude d’antigenicite sera effectuee pour quantifier le taux des immunoglobulines de type IgG dirigees contre les proteines bovines (β-Lg et α-La) sur des serums de souris sensibilisees avant et apres le traitement de l’immunotherapie subliguale au lait de vache (ITSL). Dans le present travail, nous avons evalue l’antigenicite du lait de vache cru a partir d’un modele animal (souris Balb/c) immunise a la β-Lg et α-La avant et apres l’ITSL. Resultats L’immunisation a la β-Lg et a l’α-La stimule la production d’IgG seriques. Apres deux mois d’immunotherapie sublinguale, on constate une diminution de facon simultanee du taux des IgG specifiques vis-a-vis de la β-Lg ou de l’α-La. Nos resultats revelent qu’il y a une hypersensibilite contre les antigenes administres, en produisant des anticorps anti-α-La et anti-β-Lg. L’etude de la reactivite montre que l’introduction du lait de vache cru par la voie sublinguale diminue l’antigenicite des proteines vis-a-vis des IgG anti-α-La. Cette reduction d’immunoreactivite est accentuee et plus significative vis-a-vis des IgG anti-β-Lg. Conclusion L’immunotherapie pourrait representer un nouvel aspect du traitement des allergies alimentaires. Aujourd’hui, les modalites restent incertaines, et nous manquons d’etudes standardisees. Il n’est pas encore possible d’etablir si les effets de l’immunotherapie correspondent a une guerison definitive ou a une seule augmentation des doses tolerees.

P299: Réponse immunologique et intestinales des souris Balb/C sensibilisées et traitées par immunothérapie sublinguale au lait de vache

Introduction et but de l’etude L’immunotherapie sublinguale (ITSL) des allergenes est un traitement qui s’est developpe au cours des 100 dernieres annees et dont les mecanismes consistent en une reprogrammation de la reponse immunitaire. L’ITSL vise a rediriger le systeme immunitaire en administrant des doses croissantes d’allergenes afin d’induire une tolerance specifique a long terme. Cette intervention therapeutique est une opportunite majeure pour ameliorer la qualite de vie des patients presentant une allergie alimentaire persistante notamment chez les enfants presentant une allergie aux proteines du lait de vache (APLV), l’ITS au lait de vache (LV) est activement etudiee, elle est une des voies de recherche. Notre objectif est d’ ameliorer l’efficacite de l’ITSL au LV en reduisant la duree du traitement par des doses croissantes de l’aller-gene administree. Materiel et methodes Nous avons determine le taux des IgG seriques par ELIS A sur des serums de souris Balb/C immunisees par les proteines bovines (β-Lg et α-Lac) par voie intra-peritoneale et traitees par ITSL au LV durant 2 mois en respectant les doses d’allergene administree (50 et 100 i l). L’effet de l’immunisation et du traitement sur l’integrite de la structure epitheliale est evalue par l’etude histologique des muqueuses intestinales. Resultats et Analyse statistique On remarque que l’immunisation a la β-Lg et IT α-La stimule la production d’IgG seriques. Apres deux mois d’ITSL, on constate une diminution de facon simultanee du taux des IgG specifiques vis a vis s-Lg ou α-La. L’etude histologique de l’intestin revele chez les souris immunisees (temoins positifs) a l’α-La et la s-Lg une diminution tres significative de la hauteur villositaire accompagnee d’un elargissement des villosites et d’une infiltration de lymphocytes intra-epitheliaux importante. Apres 95 jours de traitement au lait de vache, il n’ya pas atteinte a la structure villositaire, au contraire elle presente des villosites bien dentelees avec des LIE normaux. Conclusion En deux mois de traitement l’efficacite de ITSL au lait de vache a ete confirme tout en augmentant les doses d’aller-gene administre, il reste a confirmer ces resultats sur les malades presentant une allergie aux proteines du lait de vache.