O. Wilford Olsen

Life cycle of Uncinaria lucasi Stiles, 1901 (Nematoda : Ancylostomatidae) of fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus Linn., on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the life cycle of Uncinaria lucasi in fur seals, which consists of three basic parts: (1) the free-living phase with eggs and free-living third-stage larvae in the soil, (2) the tissue phase wherein parasitic third-stage larvae occur in all age groups of seals, and (3) the intestinal phase consisting of fourth-stage larvae, adolescent, and adult worms occurring in the intestine of young pups. Infection of all seals with the tissue phase is primarily by the percutaneous route but may occur per os, entry being mainly through the flippers. Infection of young pups with the intestinal phase is through the parasitic third-stage larvae, which are passed postpartum in the milk for only a short time. Almost all young fur seal pups born on the Pribilof Islands become infected with adult hookworms in the ileo-caecal region of the intestine by the time they are two weeks old. This life cycle is unique among those known for the helminthes in that adult worms occur in the intestine of only very young pups, and the infective stage that develops to adulthood is transmitted in the milk during the first few days postpartum only.

Life Cycle and Development of Prosthorhynchus formosus (Van Cleave, 1918) Travassos, 1926, an Acanthocephalan Parasite of Birds

The life cycle of Prostlwrhynchus formosus (Van Cleave, 1918) Travassos, 1926 is presented. The terrestrial isopods Amwdillidium vulgare, Porcellio laevis, and P. scaber served as experimental intermediate hosts, and chickens and turkeys as experimental definitive hosts. After ingestion of the eggs by the isopod, the acanthor emerges from its shells within 15 min to 2 hr, enters the gut wall of its host, and remains there 15 to 25 days. It then migrates to the hemocoel and develops through the acanthella stage to the infective cystacanth by the 60th to 65th day of infection . Van Cleave (1918) described Plagiorhynchus formosus on the basis of four specimens collected from the flicker, Colaptes auratus, at Bowie, Maryland. In 1926, Travassos reassigned this species to the genus Prosthorhynchus but gave no reasons for the change. Van Cleave (1942) disagreed strongly with this change in generic status and reaffirmed its position in Plagiorhynchus. Golvan (1956) clarified the differences between Plagiorhynchus and Prosthorhynchus and defended its position in Prosthorhynchus. This view, which was upheld by Petrochenko (1956) and Yamaguti (1963), is accepted by the present authors. Jones (1928) extended the host list to include the chicken (Gallus domesticus) , robin (Turdus migratorius) , and the crow (Corvus americanus). She remarked on the possibilities of this worm becoming an important parasite of domestic fowl. Cuvillier (1934) added the catbird (Dumatella carolinensis), and a thrush Received for publication 17 April 1964. ... Part of a thesis submitted by the senior author to the Graduate School of Colorado State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree, February 1964. This investigation was supported by Training Grant PHS-2E-94 (C2,3) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a fellowship from the Boettcher Foundation, Denver, Colorado. 721 (Hylocichla sp.), and Van Cleave (1942) the towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) , starling (Sturnus vulgaris), grackle (Quiscalus quiscala) , and hermit thrush (H ylocichla guttata). Chandler and Rausch (1949) found it in the brown thrasher (T oxostoma rufum) , and Hunter and Quay (1953) in Macgillivrays seaside sparrow (Ammospiza maritima macgillivaraii). The present report adds the red-shafted flicker (Colaptes cafer) and the domestic turkey (experimental) . Sinitsin (1929) reported finding a juvenile of Plagiorhynchus formosus in the sow bug, Armadillidium vulgare, near Washington, D. C. To date, this is the only report on the life history of P. formosus, although Dollfus and Dalens (1960) reported larvae of Prosthorhynchus cylindraceus in A. vulgare in France. This work presents the complete life cycle of Prosthorhynchus formosus as observed under laboratory conditions, utilizing three species of terrestrial isopods as intermediate hosts and domestic fowl as definitive hosts . MATERIALS AND METHODSThe life cycle of Prosthorhynchus formosus (Van Cleave, 1918) Travassos, 1926 is presented. The terrestrial isopods Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio laevis, and P. scaber served as experimental intermediate hosts, and chickens and turkeys as experimental definitive hosts. After ingestion of the eggs by the isopod, the acanthor emerges from its shells within 15 min to 2 hr, enters the gut wall of its host, and remains there 15 to 25 days. It then migrates to the hemocoel and develops through the acanthella stage to the infective cystacanth by the 60th to 65th day of infection. Van Cleave (1918) described Plagiorhynchus formosus on the basis of four specimens collected from the flicker, Colaptes auratus, at Bowie, Maryland. In 1926, Travassos reassigned this species to the genus Prosthorhynchus but gave no reasons for the change. Van Cleave (1942) disagreed strongly with this change in generic status and reaffirmed its position in Plagiorhynchus. Golvan (1956) clarified the differences between Plagiorhynchus and Prosthorhynchus and defended its position in Prosthorhynchus. This view, which was upheld by Petrochenko (1956) and Yamaguti (1963), is accepted by the present authors. Jones (1928) extended the host list to include the chicken (Gallus domesticus), robin (Turdus migratorius), and the crow (Corvus americanus). She remarked on the possibilities of this worm becoming an important parasite of domestic fowl. Cuvillier (1934) added the catbird (Dumatella carolinensis), and a thrush Received for publication 17 April 1964. * Part of a thesis submitted by the senior author to the Graduate School of Colorado State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree, February 1964. This investigation was supported by Training Grant PHS-2E-94 (C2,3) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a fellowship from the Boettcher Foundation, Denver, Colorado. (Hylocichla sp.), and Van Cleave (1942) the towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), grackle (Quiscalus quiscala), and hermit thrush (Hylocichla guttata). Chandler and Rausch (1949) found it in the brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), and Hunter and Quay (1953) in Macgillivrays seaside sparrow (Ammospiza maritima macgillivaraii). The present report adds the red-shafted flicker (Colaptes cafer) and the domestic turkey (experimental). Sinitsin (1929) reported finding a juvenile of Plagiorhynchus formosus in the sowbug, Armadillidium vulgare, near Washington, D. C. To date, this is the only report on the life history of P. formosus, although Dollfus and Dalens (1960) reported larvae of Prosthorhynchus cylindraceus in A. vulgare in France. This work presents the complete life cycle of Prosthorhynchus formosus as observed under laboratory conditions, utilizing three species of terrestrial isopods as intermediate hosts and domestic fowl as definitive hosts. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Influence of temperature on survival rate and infectivity of miracidia of two species of Phyllodistomum (Trematoda) to pelecypods

Abstract Miracida of the trematode Phyllodistomum bufonis and a new species of Phyllodistomum were compared to determine the effects of temperature on both the life span of these larvae and their ability to penetrate their respective pelecypod hosts. Miracidia of P. bufonis survive longer (30% for 2 days) than the new species (for one day) at all temperatures except 4° and 8°C. Bivalves could be infected with miracidia at each temperature that allowed survival. Optimum temperature ranges favoring infection was 15–30°C for P. bufonis and 20–26°C for Phyllodistomum sp.

Crenosoma coloradoensis, n.sp., (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) from the lungs of martens, Martes caurina origenes (Rhoads).

Examination of 62 carcasses of wild martens disclosed 18 infections of a heretofore undescribed lungworm of the genus Crenosoma Molin, 1861. In two instances, two worms were recovered from single animals; the other infected individuals yielded only one specimen each. With the exeception of one entire male, the remainder of the nematodes consisted of fragments of bodies. The determinable pieces consisted of parts of three females and the bursae of 14 males. In all cases, several months elapsed between death of the martens and examination of them for parasites. They were frozen as soon as possible and kept in that condition during the interim. Postmortem changes were most apparent in the expansion of the cuticle of the body and of the bursa. The name Crenosoma coloradoensis, designating the region from which theExamination of 62 carcasses of wild martens disclosed 18 infections of a heretofore undescribed lungworm of the genus Crenosoma Molin, 1861. In two instances, two worms were recovered from single animals; the other infected individuals yielded only one specimen each. With the exeception of one entire male, the remainder of the nematodes consisted of fragments of bodies. The determinable pieces consisted of parts of three females and the bursae of 14 males. In all cases, several months elapsed between death of the martens and examination of them for parasites. They were frozen as soon as possible and kept in that condition during the interim. Postmortem changes were most apparent in the expansion of the cuticle of the body and of the bursa. The name Crenosoma coloradoensis, designating the region from which the

Effect of age of the pelecypod host on the development of the larvae of the trematode Phyllodistomum bufonis.

Abstract The effect of age of fingernail clams, Pisidium adamsi , on the development of larval Phyllodistomum bufonis is presented. Bivalves ranging from 1 to 5 days of age could be infected. Older bivalves, 25–30 days old, had less mortality than younger clams. Cercarial developmental periods were shorter in 1- to 10-day-old bivalves than in older ones.

A New Species of Trematode, Diasia podilymbae (Opisthorchiidae), from the Pied-Billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.)

From the mesenteries of a pied-billed grebe, a number of mediumsized trematodes was collected by Mr. J. F. Bell of the Bacteriology Department of the University of Minnesota who sent them to the writer for identification. They were found to constitute an undescribed species of the genus Diasia Travassos, 1922. Ova discharged into the retaining mesenteries had been ingested by the flukes thus densely packing their digestive tracts with them. The genus Diasia as erected by Travassos was monospecific with D. diasi Travassos, 1922, as the type. Subsequent inclusion of additional species requires some slight emendation of the generic concept which is herewith given in its revised form.