Ofir Tirosh

The Earliest Lead Object in the Levant

In the deepest section of a large complex cave in the northern Negev desert, Israel, a bi-conical lead object was found logged onto a wooden shaft. Associated material remains and radiocarbon dating of the shaft place the object within the Late Chalcolithic period, at the late 5th millennium BCE. Based on chemical and lead isotope analysis, we show that this unique object was made of almost pure metallic lead, likely smelted from lead ores originating in the Taurus range in Anatolia. Either the finished object, or the raw material, was brought to the southern Levant, adding another major component to the already-rich Late Chalcolithic metallurgical corpus known to-date. The paper also discusses possible uses of the object, suggesting that it may have been used as a spindle whorl, at least towards its deposition.

Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) in the Middle East: Toxicity, Trans-boundary Transport, and Influence of Synoptic Conditions

The Middle East is one of the regions in the world where relatively high concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have been detected frequently. It has been suggested that PM levels in the Middle East are present at levels that lead to adverse health effects and to poor visibility. In the current study, we summarize results published by our group over the last decade and introduce new data which demonstrate the extent of trans-boundary PM transport, and the fact that synoptic conditions control its chemical and mineralogical composition and might also affect its toxicity.