Oili Tarvainen

Diversity of macrofungi and plants in Scots pine forests along an urban pollution gradient

Abstract Fungal and plant community structures were studied in mature Scots pine stands along an urban pollution gradient with four zones of pollution intensity around the city of Oulu, northern Finland. For fungi sporocarp inventories and characterization of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) morphotypes were used and for plants coverage analyses were made. Significant differences were found in community structure of macrofungi and plants along the gradient. The number of ECM species and their sporocarp production, especially those of Cortinarius spp., diminished towards the emission sources, whereas the fruiting of saprotrophic fungi increased close to the emission sources. Eight fruiting macrofungal species reflected the differences between the pollution zones. The species decreasing towards the emission sources were almost all ectomycorrhizal (Chroogomphus rutilus, Cortinarius anomalus, C. brunneus, C. gentilis, C. semisanguineus, Suillus variegatus), with only one species, Cantharellula umbonata considered as saprotrophic. In contrast, ectomycorrhizal Paxillus involutus proved to be pollution-tolerant. The diversity of ECM species was lowest at the most polluted zone while the diversity of plant species increased towards the emission sources. The diversity among ECM morphotypes and saprotrophic species did not differ between the zones. Close to the emission sources slowly growing plant species were displaced by species typical for more nutrient-rich forests, herbs and grasses being more abundant while the number of bryophyte species diminished and lichens were absent. The observed differences in fungal and plant communities are suggested to be results of long-term nitrogen-mediated changes and they support the hypothesis that nitrogen inputs lead to loss of fruiting ECM species. Die Strukturen von Pilz- und Pflanzengemeinschaften wurden in Kiefernwaldern entlang eines stadtischen Gradienten mit vier Zonen unterschiedlicher Verschmutzungsintensitat um die Stadt Oulu im nordlichen Finnland studiert. Zur Erfassung der Pilze wurden Sporokarp-Bestandsaufnahmen gemacht und Ektomykorrhiza (ECM) Morphotypen dargestellt. Gefasspflanzen wurden in Aufnahmen von Deckungsgraden erfasst. Entlang des Gradienten wurden signifikante Unterschiede in der Gemeinschaftsstruktur der Makrofungi und Gefasspflanzen entdeckt. Die Anzahl der ECM-Arten und deren Sporokarpbildung, insbesondere von Cortinarius spp., nahm in Richtung auf die Emissionsquellen hin ab, wohingegen die Produktion von Fruchtkorpern saprophytischer Pilze in der Nahe der Emissionsquellen zunahm. Acht fruchtkorperbildende Makrofungusarten spiegelten die Unterschiede zwischen den Verschmutzungszonen wider. Die Arten, die in Richtung auf die Verschmutzungsquellen hin abnahmen waren Ektomycorrhiza-Arten (Chroogomphus rutilus, Cortinarius anomalus, C. brunneus, C. gentilis, C. semisanguineus, Suillus variegatus), mit Ausnahme von Cantharelulla umbonata, die als saprophytisch eingestuft wird. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte sich die Ektomykorrhiza-Art Paxillus involutus als verschmutzungstolerant. Die Diversitat der ECM-Arten war am geringsten in der am starksten verschmutzten Zone, wohingegen die Diversitat an Pflanzenarten in Richtung auf die Verschmutzungsquelle hin zunahm. Es gab zwischen den Zonen weder Unterschiede in der Diversitat der ECM Morphotypen noch in der Diversitat der saprophy-tischen Arten. In der Nahe der Verschmutzungsquellen waren langsam wachsende Pflanzenarten ersetzt worden durch Arten, die typisch fur nahrstoffreichere Walder sind; Krauter und Graser waren mehr abundant, wohingegen Moose in Richtung auf die Verschmutzungsquellen hin abnahmen und Flechten in deren Nahe fehlten. Die beobachteten Unterschiede in den Pilz- und Pflanzengemeinschaften sind vermutlich das Ergebnis von langjahrigen stickstoffvermittelten Veranderungen, und sie bestarken die Hypothese, dass Eintrage von Stickstoff zu einem Verlust von fruchtkorperbildenden ECM-Arten fuhrt.

Urban polluted forest soils induce elevated root peroxidase activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings

Plant biomass. mycorrhizal status and root peroxidase activity were measured in ectomycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in urban polluted and native, non-polluted forest soils with added ammonium or potassium sulphates simulating N and S deposition of urban areas. Peroxidase activity in the fine roots of seedlings planted in polluted forest soils was higher than in those planted in non-polluted soils and correlated positively with the activities measured in an earlier study in the roots of mature Scots pines growing at the sites from where the soils were collected. Growth of seedlings and mycorrhizal status were not affected by the origin of soil. Exposing the seedlings to winter acclimation conditions for 6 weeks elevated peroxidase activity in the roots. The addition of ammonium or potassium sulphate to non-polluted soils did not induce elevated root peroxidase activity, although at the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 g of ammonium sulphate a slight increasing trend was observed. We suggest, that indirect biotic factors, i.e. changes in the community structure of soil fungi, early stages of recognition, and defence reactions of pine roots against saprophytic and pathogenic fungi may be participating in the elicitation of peroxidase (POD) activity, although the possible role of heavy metals cannot be excluded.

Short-term impacts of energy wood harvesting on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Norway spruce saplings.

The increased demand for harvesting energy wood raises questions about its effects on the functioning of the forest ecosystems, soil processes and biodiversity. Impacts of tree stump removal on ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of Norway spruce saplings were studied with 454-pyrosequencing in a 3-year field experiment replicated in 3 geographical areas. This is possibly the most thorough investigation of EMF communities associated with saplings grown on sites subjected to energy wood harvesting. To separate impacts of tree stump and logging residue removal on EMF and plant variables, we used three harvesting treatments with increasing complexity from patch mounding alone (P) to patch mounding combined with logging residue removal (RP), and patch mounding combined with both logging residue and stump removal (SRP). Saplings grown in uncut forests (F) served as references for harvesting treatments. A majority of sequences (>92%) and operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 55%) were assigned as EMF. EMF OTU richness, fungal community composition or sapling growth did not differ between harvesting treatments (P, RP and SRP), while EMF OTU richness, diversity and evenness were highest and sapling growth lowest in the undisturbed reference forests (F). The short study period may partially explain the similarities in fungal and sapling variables in different harvesting treatments. In conclusion, our results indicate that neither stump removal nor logging residue removal have significant additional negative impacts on EMF communities or growth of Norway spruce saplings in the short-term compared with the impacts of more conventional harvesting methods, including clear cutting and patch mounding.

Changes in Ectomycorrhizal Colonization and Root Peroxidase Activity in Pinus sylvestris Nursery Seedlings Planted in Forest Humus

Plant biomass, root colonization by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and root peroxidase (POD) activity were monitored in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) nursery seedlings during the first growing season after planting (after 4, 8 and 16 weeks, in July, August and October, respectively) in forest humus in outdoor open-top chambers with gaseous atmospheric pollutants (combinations of low levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). The number of ECM morphotypes as well as root biomass increased towards the end of the growing season, while root POD activity decreased. Fungal biomass estimated as ergosterol concentration peaked in August, 8 weeks after planting. The seedling growth, mycorrhizal status and POD activity in the roots were not affected by the gaseous pollutants.

A method for assessing ecological values to reconcile multiple land use needs

We present a new method for ecologically sustainable land use planning within multiple land use schemes. Our aims were (1) to develop a method that can be used to locate important areas based on their ecological values; (2) to evaluate the quality, quantity, availability, and usability of existing ecological data sets; and (3) to demonstrate the use of the method in Eastern Finland, where there are requirements for the simultaneous development of nature conservation, tourism, and recreation. We compiled all available ecological data sets from the study area, complemented the missing data using habitat suitability modeling, calculated the total ecological score (TES) for each 1 ha grid cell in the study area, and finally, demonstrated the use of TES in assessing the success of nature conservation in covering ecologically valuable areas and locating ecologically sustainable areas for tourism and recreational infrastructure. The method operated quite well at the level required for regional and local scale planning. The quality, quantity, availability, and usability of existing data sets were generally high, and they could be further complemented by modeling. There are still constraints that limit the use of the method in practical land use planning. However, as increasing data become available and open access, and modeling tools improve, the usability and applicability of the method will increase.

Responses of fungal and plant communities to partial humus removal in mid-boreal N-enriched forests

Partial removal of the forest humus layer was performed in nitrogen-enriched urban Scots pine forest stands in the northern Finland in order to improve soil conditions for ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, important symbionts of trees. Aboveground part of understory vegetation and the uppermost half of the humus layer were removed (REMOVAL treatment) from sample plots in six urban and eight rural reference forest sites at the beginning of the 2001 growing season. During the seasons 2001-2005, we inventoried sporocarp production of ECM and saprophytic fungi, and in 2003 the recovery of understory vegetation. The REMOVAL treatment resulted in a higher number of fruiting ECM species and sporocarps than controls at the rural, but not at urban sites. The sporocarp number of saprophytic fungi declined in the REMOVAL subplots at the urban sites. The recovery of bryophytes and lichens in the REMOVAL treatment was slow at both the urban and rural sites, whereas Vaccinium dwarf shrub cover, and herb and grass cover returned rapidly at the urban sites. We conclude that the partial vegetation and humus layer removal as a tool to promote the reproduction of ECM fungal species is limited in the boreal urban forests.