Oksana Malinauskienė

Vaiko ir tėvų santykių sąsajos su pozityvios jaunimo raidos komponentais

Pozityvi jaunimo raida ‒ tai stiprybėmis paremta raidos koncepcija, kurioje isskiriami penki pagrindiniai komponentai (angl. Five C‘s): kompetencija, pasitikėjimas, rysiai, charakteris ir užjautimas (Benson, 2003; Lerner, 2005; Fredricks ir Eccles, 2008; Chand ir kt., 2013). Kartu su didele paties paauglio individualių savybių svarba pozityvios raidos modelis pabrėžia ypatingą seimos konteksto ir vaiko ir tėvų santykių svarbą (Lerner ir kt., 2005; Chand ir kt., 2013). Pozityvios jaunimo raidos kontekste seimai ir tėvų ir vaikų santykiams skiriama mažai dėmesio (Chand ir kt., 2013). Daugiausia turimų duomenų yra gauta tyrinėjant Jungtinių Valstijų imtis, tuo tarpu apie Rytų Europos seimos konteksto svarbą paauglių pozityviai raidai žinoma labai mažai, todėl sio straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti paauglių pozityvios raidos komponentų ir seimos konteksto sąsajas. Darbe naudojami siuo metu atliekamo tyrimo „Pozityvios jaunimo raidos stiprinimo mechanizmai socialinių-ekonominių transformacijų kontekste (POSIDEV)“ pirmo matavimo duomenys. Is viso tyrime dalyvavo 1787 respondentai: 9‒12 klasių (amžius M = 16,61; SD = 1,24) mokiniai is penkių Utenos rajono gimnazijų. Siame straipsnyje naudojami duomenys tik tų moksleivių, kurie iki galo užpildė vaikų ir tėvų santykius ir pozityvią raidą tiriancius klausimynus, is viso 1727 respondentai. Rezultatai parodė, kad tyrime, atliktame Lietuvoje, apklausiant bendruomeninės imties moksleivius atsiskleidžia panasios tendencijos kaip ir JAV, Europos ir kituose regionuose, tai yra tėvų monitoringas, pasitikėjimas, emocinė siluma, susvetimėjimo nebuvimas ir komunikacija su tėvais teigiamai susije su visais penkiais pozityvios jaunimo raidos komponentais, o psichologinė kontrolė ir atstūmimas neigiamai susijes su pozityvios jaunimo raidos komponentais.

Systematic Review of the Measurement Properties of Questionnaires for the Measurement of the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents

The objective of this study was to systematically review the psychometric properties of the measures used in assessing the psychosocial well-being status of children and adolescents. This review updates and expands on the previous review of the literature on child well-being in order to assess all available studies from 2000 to 2013 on the measurement properties of all available well-being assessment instruments that aim to measure the construct of well-being in childhood and adolescence. Overall, 182 measures designed for measuring child and adolescent well-being were found. These measures vary in length and structure from one item scales to multidimensional questionnaires with 70 items and more. Most of the instruments measure positive indicators of well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, quality of life, self-esteem, etc.), others measure deficit indicators (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress, etc.), and a few instruments measure both positive and deficit indicators. In addition, there are some instruments with undefined modality of well-being. Thus, our study has revealed an ongoing theoretical shift from a deficit approach to well-being to a strengths-based approach. The results also indicate that the reliability information is reported for the majority of the instruments. The most frequently used reliability measure for all these instruments is the Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient. The reports of validity are available for approximately one-third of the instruments. Measures of well-being in adolescence are dominant, however, some instruments are suitable for the measurement of well-being and its indicators in childhood, and some reach the period of emerging adulthood (19-21 years). Most of the studies were conducted in North America and Europe with only a few of them being cross-cultural.

Vyresniųjų paauglių depresijos simptomų, delinkventinio elgesio, savęs vertinimo ir šeimos aplinkos kintamųjų sąsajos

The article analyses associations between depression symptoms, delinquent behavior, selfesteem and family environment of adolescents. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify associations between depression symptoms, delinquent behavior, self-esteem and family environment of adolescents. The used data is from longitudinal “Political Socialization from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Mechanisms of Emergence of Citizens’ Identity in Lithuania” study. The sample consisted of 1978 subjects (1160 girls (58.6 percent) and 818 boys (41.4 percent)), aged 15-18 (M = 16.63, SD = 1.05). Three individual context scales were used in the study: Children’s Depression Scale (Faulstich et al., 1986), Delinquency scale (Magnusson et al., 1975; updated by Kerr and Statt, 2003), Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the five scales of family context: Guilt induction scale (Persson et al., 2004), Emotional warmth scale (Trost et al., 2007), Attachment in Adolescence scale (West et al., 1998), Freedom-granting scale (Stattin and Kerr, 2000), Constructive problem solving scale (Stattin and Kerr, 2000). The results showed that self-esteem was negatively related to depression symptoms and was not related to delinquent behavior. It was found that parents’ emotional warmth, constructive problem solving and attachment to parents were negatively related, and guilt imputation of both parents was positively related to depression symptoms and delinquent behavior. Furthermore, freedom granting of father was negatively related and freedom granting of mother was positively related to delinquent behavior of adolescents. Regression analysis showed that self-esteem allowed better prediction of depression symptoms than delinquent behavior of adolescents, and family environment variables improved predictive abilities of depression symptoms and delinquent behavior.