Olubunmi Atolani

Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity of β-Amyrin acetate fraction from Bridelia ferruginea Leaves

Abstract Objective The objective of this work was to determine the beta-amyrin acetate fraction in leave extract of Bridelia ferruginea and evaluate for its antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials. Methods The dried and pulverized leaves of Bridelia ferruginea was extracted with hexane and then with ethyl acetate. The concentrated ethylacetate extract subjected to silica gel column chromatography and eluted with a mixture of equal volume of hexane and dichloromethane afforded two major fractions. The more polar fraction was concentrated and subjected to GCMS analysis which afforded the steroid, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate commonly known as beta-amyrin acetate (66.14%). Its ability to act as a scavenger of DPPH radical and its cytotoxicity potential based on brine shrimp assay were investigated. Results The DPPH antioxidant assay revealed that the fraction had a higher antioxidant potential with an IC 50 value of 158.2μg/mL relative to gallic acid which had IC 50 of 201.1 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity assay using the brine shrimp a gave LC 50 values of 319 and 5.86 μg/mL for acute and lethal doses respectively indicating extreme toxicity when compared to reference drug, cyclophosphamide which had LC 50 value of 2506 μg/mL. Conclusions Thus, the beta-amyrin acetate has been identified for the first time in the leave of Bridelia ferruginea. The data here suggest that the beta-amyrin acetate fraction of the leave of Bridelia ferruginea could be further explored in biological profiling requiring antioxidant and cytotoxic dependent therapeutics as the plant could be a viable source of antioxidant and cytotoxic agents in cancer chemotherapy in the near future.

Chemical composition and antioxidant potentials of Kigelia pinnata root oil and extracts

The chemical composition of Kigelia pinnata root oil extracted with n-hexane was analyzed by GC/GCMS. The antioxidant potential of the oil was compared to that of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the root. UV and IR spectroscopic techniques were used to carry out partial characterization of the oil and extracts. The free radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric assay on the reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was examined while the total antioxidant activity (TAA) and relative antioxidant activity (RAA) were compared with standard antioxidant, α-tocopherol. The antioxidant activity (which correlated with the total phenolic content of the extracts) was assumed to be from the total phenolic content of the extracts. TAA was found to be higher in methanol extract (at 0.25 mg/mL). We hereby report for the first time the major component of the oil from the root of Kigelia pinnata to be elaidic acid (56.12 %). It is a reported toxicant which thereby underscores the risk in the use of the plant in traditional therapies.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects of seed oils from edible fruits

Abstract Objective To propose a natural remedy for the some acute diseases the fatty acids profile, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials of seed oils from natural sources have been examined. Methods The fatty acids profile of seed oils from sweet orange, grape, lime and watermelon obtained by soxhlet extraction were trans-esterified and examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay were examined and compared with gallic acid and α-tocopherol while the cytotoxicity were examined via the brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay using cyclophosphamide as a reference standard. Results Sweet orange seed contained 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (62.18%), grape seed, erucic acid (43.17), lime seed, oleic acid (52.42%) and watermelon seed linoleic acid (61.11%) as the major fatty acid present. Among the four oils tested, grape seed oil had the highest acute toxicity with LC 50 value of (156.2 ± 0.37) μg/mL while orange seed oil had the highest lethal toxicity with LC 50 (7.59 ± 0.35) μg/mL value. Lime seed oil IC 50 (14.49 ± 3.54) μg/mL showed the highest antioxidant potential of about 70% at 1 mg/mL concentration which was more significant than the reference compounds gallic acid and α-tocopherol with IC 50 value of (201.10 ± 1.65) and (54.86 ± 2.38) μg/mL respectively. The yield of oil from these seeds varied from 9.583% to 24.790% with the oils being rich in essential fatty acids. Conclusion Utilization of the seeds will reduce wastes, improve commercialization and procures hitherto neglected substances for technological and nutritional applications.

Phytochemicals from Kigelia pinnata Leaves Show Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential on Human Cancer Cell Line

Studies suggest that the traditional applications of Kigelia pinnata leaves have beneficial effects against oxidative stress-mediated diseases and cancers. The pulverized dried leaves of K. pinnata were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol sequentially, and the crude extracts were fractionated by silica gel column chromatography with solvent gradient of increasing polarity. 3-hydro-4,8-phytene, trans-phytol, (9Z,12Z)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, and two oil fractions were obtained. The chemical compositions of chromatographic fractions were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The structure elucidations of the isolated compounds were based on FTIR, MS, and NMR spectral data analyses. These along with the crude extracts were examined for their antioxidant activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Total phenolic contents were also determined. The crude extracts and purified compounds were evaluated on the rhabdomyosarcoma human cancer cell for their cytotoxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assays. The methanol extract was richer in phenolics and was most potent as antioxidant and cytotoxic agent among all the substances tested. Among the fractions and pure compounds, the two oil fractions showed more cytotoxicity potency, with IC50s of 143.4±0.5 and 147.9±1.3 ng/mL, which is more significant than the reference standard, cyclophosphamide (165.6±1.0 ng/mL). 3-hydro-4,8-phytene showed lower antioxidant and cytotoxicity potential (IC50=1818±5.2 μg/mL and 171.7±0.8 ng/mL, respectively). Trans-phytol did not show a high cytotoxic power (IC50=769.8±4.3 ng/mL). The comparatively high cytotoxicity index of (9Z, 12Z)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (IC50=153.3±0.1 ng/mL) indicated that it may be one of the principal cytotoxic agent in the ethyl acetate extract. These results suggest that the leaves of K. pinnata possess tumor cytotoxic potential and could be part of a drug combination for future cancer chemotherapy.

Direct preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and determination of in vitro antioxidant potential of lipid from fresh Sebal causarium Seed

Classical method of sample preparation for fatty acid analysis is a complicated, rigorous, multiple-step process that is often time-consuming. However, innovation has made it possible to obtain fatty acids esters in a single step without compromise of the quality and quantity of the products obtained. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained from Sabal causiarum seed using direct trans-esterification method. The reaction was performed in a one necked glass reactor equipped with a reflux condenser. The composition of the FAMEs obtained was analyzed using GC-FID/GC-MS. The FAMEs was also evaluated for its antioxidant potential using DPPH assay while α- tocopherol served as a standard. From the Total ion chromatogram, a total of twelve fatty acids were identified with the dominant being linoleic acid (29.83%), an essential polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. Other compounds obtained in significant yield include palmitic acid (20.75 %), dodecanoic acid (12.15 %), oleic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid (11.51%), 11-Octadecenoic acid (5.89 %), Ceric acid (4.97) and lignoceric acid (4.56 %). The oil had higher antioxidant potential (with IC50 value 0.19 ± 0.31 mg/mL) than the standard, alpha-tocopherol (with IC50 of 0.25 ± 0.4 (mg/mL). The direct trans-esterification method enables the quick determination of the fatty acid profile of Sabal causiarum seed. It is a viable method that saves time, limit use of solvents and reduce the possibility of contaminations that is associated with classical multistage procedure. The chemical composition and high antioxidant value of the oil is a strong indication of the future economical and biological relevance of the Sabal causiarum seed oil.

Phytochemical, sub-acute toxicity, and antibacterial evaluation of Cordia sebestena leaf extracts

Abstract Background: In Nigeria, Cordia sebestena (Boraginaceae), an understudied medicinal plant, is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition, antibacterial potential, and sub-acute toxicity of C. sebestena leaves. Methods: Ethyl acetate extracts were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. The antibacterial potential of the extracts was tested against five standard bacteria, namely Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical observations and blood parameters were used to evaluate the possible toxicity of C. sebestena. Results: The TLC profile yielded 39 fractions, which were pooled to nine combined sub-fractions (A–I). The FTIR spectrum of sub-fraction H indicated the presence of aliphatic C-H stretching vibration at 2922 and 2850 cm−1, C=O stretch at 1734 and 1708 cm−1, and C=C stretch of aromatics and aliphatics at 1464 and (shoulder) 1618 cm−1, respectively. The fractions of the C. sebestena ethyl acetate leaf extract showed antibacterial potential across board, but fraction H had the highest antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus. The study also indicated the relatively low toxicity profile of the ethyl acetate leaf extract of C. sebestena in the liver of rats. Conclusions: The study showed that C. sebestena leaves have strong antibacterial potential and low toxicity, thereby underlying the scientific basis for their folkloric use in the management of microbial infections and its associated complications.

Energy Dispersive - XRF Metal Analysis and Cancer Cell Line Cytotoxicity of Kigelia pinnata Root

Human exposure to heavy metals is attributed to consumption of herbs grown in polluted environment. The objective of this study was to assess the health risks associated with metals toxicity in Kigelia pinnata root and also evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the root on rhabdomyosarcoma, RD cancer cell line. Energy dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence, ED-XRF was employed for the assessment of the total metal profile of the root while the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of the root obtained through exhaustive sequential extraction were evaluated on the RD cancer cell line for its cytotoxicity index using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT cell viability assay. All the extracts showed high cytotoxicity. However, ethylacetate extract (IC50, 142.2 ± 1.1 ng/mL) showed the highest activity compared to the reference drug, cyclophosphomide (IC50, 165.6 ± 1.0 ng/mL). Heavy metal concentrations in the root of plant grown in the forest did not exceed the permissible limits set by the EU regulatory body. The health risk index of the root of plant is considered relatively safe for therapeutic purposes. With regards to metal toxicity, the study indicated that there is a relative absence of health risks associated with the ingestion of Kigelia pinnta root extracts while administering for treatment of cancer related diseases in traditional medicine. The root extracts could serve as a basis for development of disease-oriented drugs or nutraceuticals. There is however a need for caution since iron concentration is high.

In vitro anticandidal and antioxidant potential of Mezoneuron benthamianum

Abstract Objective To investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of the methanolic extract of Mezoneuron benthamianum (M. benthamianum). Method The anti-candidal potential and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were evaluated on fresh isolates of Candida species using disc diffusion method. While the lipophilic free radical scavenging activity was examined using the spectrophotometric assay on the reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and compared with standard antioxidant, α-tocopherol. Result The anti-candidal activities of M. benthamianum root and leaf revealed zones of inhibition (ZI) against Candida glabrata as (13.6±1.00) mm and (13.7±1.00) mm respectively while, Candida krusei ZI against root (13.7±1.00) mm and leaf (11.8±0.80) mm as the most significant among other candida species (Candida stellatoidea, Candida albicans and Candida torulopsis). Phytochemicals present in the plant extracts includes saponin, anthracquinones, flavonoids and tannins. The antioxidant potential of the plant was significant and dose dependent at the concentrations tested. The extract has IC50 values of 781 μg/mL while the standard, α-tocopherol has 222.3 μg/mL. Conclusions The result from this research suggests that M. benthamianum is a potent anti-candida and antioxidant plant and may be a potential anti-candida plant for future prospect in drug development.