Opinder Singh

In utero exposure of neonatal buffalo calves to pesticide residues and the alterations within their reproductive tract.

In utero exposure of neonates to pesticide residues could be damaging to the reproductive tract. Hence, the present study assessed the circulating concentrations of pesticide residues in buffalo and their neonatal calves as well as in the reproductive tract tissue samples of same calves. Also, histopathological alterations were revealed in the reproductive tract of calves. Pesticide residues were high (P<0.05) in the reproductive tract of calves (119.5 ± 20.2 ng/g, 35% positive) in comparison to their blood (32.1 ± 8.4 ng/ml, 15% positive) or blood of their dams (41.5 ± 8.3 ng/ml, 25% positive). The number of histopathological alterations were high (P<0.05) in the reproductive tract of a calf contaminated with high concentrations of pesticide residues (3.43 ± 1.29) in comparison to a tract positive for low residue concentrations (1.57 ± 0.60) or pesticide negative tract (0.28 ± 0.10). In conclusion, in utero exposure of neonatal buffalo calves to pesticide residues may be associated with damaging alterations in their reproductive tract.

Ileal and jejunal Peyer’s patches in buffalo calves: Histomorphological comparison

Aim: The present study was aimed to elucidate the histomorphology of ileal and jejunal Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of buffalo calves and their structural comparison. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on neonatal (n=10) and pre-pubertal (n=10) buffalo calves. The age of the postnatal buffalo calves was estimated by their temporary and permanent dentition. Results: The study revealed that several layers of oval to elongate elliptical lymphoid follicles were observed in submucosa on the anti-mesenteric side in the ileum of early neonatal calves. However, the follicles at this age, in jejunum were of all shapes present within one layer. The interfollicular space was occupied by the interfollicular tissue, which was diffuse and wider around jejunal lymphoid follicles as compared to ileal lymphoid follicles. However, toward the pubertal stage, the number of layers of lymphoid follicles was reduced in ileum due to involution while it remained similar in number in jejunum at this stage. Conclusion: The ileal Peyer’s patches were found to have started involution more or less around reaching puberty, whereas the jejunal Peyer’s patches appear to be functional throughout the lifespan of the animal.

Prenatal and neonatal development of mandibular salivary gland of Indian buffalo

ABSTRACT The primordial anlage of mandibular salivary gland was seen at 2 cm CVRL (37th day) whereas primary ducts were first observed at 11.5 cm CVRL (80th day), in the form of cords. However, the capsule formation around the gland was initiated at 21.1 cm CVRL (121st day). The lobulation was appeared at 15.3 cm CVRL (97th day). The duct system was completed at 21.1 cm CVRL (121st day). At 18.6 cm CVRL (112nd day), the terminal tubules (TT) attained the structure of the acini. The myoepithelial cells were first appeared as flattened basal cells initially around the developing acinar cells at 28.5 cm CVRL (138th day). The typical compound tubulo-acinar nature of the gland was first observed at 21.2 cm CVRL (122nd day). The parenchyma showed predominantly mucous type of cells from 28.3 cm CVRL (137th day) onwards, while initial appearance of serous demilunes was also observed at this stage. In neonatal age groups, the mandibular gland was of compound tubulo-acinar nature with a well-defined capsule. Localization of acidic as well as neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous cells and goblet cells in prenatal and neonatal age groups. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue, however, phospholipids were observed in the cell membrane of secretory cells and ducts.

Morphological and Histochemical Characteristics of Parotid Salivary Gland in Neonates of Indian Buffalo

The present study was aimed to elucidate gross, histomorphological and histochemical status in parotid salivary gland of buffalo during neonatal life. The study was carried out on parotid salivary gland of eighteen buffalo neonates. These neonates were categorized into three groups based on their age, viz., Group-1: <1 month; Group-2: between1-2 months and Group-3: between 2-3 months. Macroscopically, the lateral surface of the gland was covered by parotid fascia, developing parotido-auricularis muscle and facial muscles and the medial surface was related to great cornu of hyoid bone, digastricus, occipito-hyoideus and sterno-mastoideus muscles, external carotid artery, external jugular vein and its tributaries, facial nerve and its branches, during early neonatal life. Histologically, the parotid gland was of compound tubuloacinar nature. The parenchyma comprised of purely serous acini along with several orders of ducts distributed in the stroma. The duct system comprised of intercalated duct, striated duct, interlobular duct and large excretory duct. The myoepithelial cells appeared as flattened basal cells initially around the developing acinar cells. The serous acinar cells of parotid gland were devoid of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides in neonatal age groups. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue. The biometrical studies showed that there was a significant difference in the parotid gland between different neonatal age groups at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 level. There was significant difference in the micrometrical parameters of parotid gland between different groups at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 level.

Developmental Changes in the Parotid Salivary Gland of Prenatal Buffalo: An Ultrastructural Study

The present study was undertaken to elucidate ultrastructural changes in development of parotid salivary gland of buffalo during different stages of prenatal life. The ultrastructural studies revealed that the cytoplasm of acinar cells was f illed ith mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in mid and late foetal age groups. Medium electron dense secretory granules first appeared in the acinar cells of parotid gland at 30 cm CVRL (141st day). However, at 49.5 cm CVRL (185 th day) two types of electron dense granules were identified on basis of granule density viz., dark and light. The dark electron dense granules w ere mor in number, whereas light granules were comparatively less having electron lucent content within them was identified. The mean diam eter of dark and light granules was measured about 0.45 ± .1 μm and 0.30±0.1 μm, respectively, which showed that the dark granules were comparatively larger in size. The secretory granules were increased in number during the late foetal age group. The myoepitheli al cells were located at the base of the acinar cells as well as intercalated and striated ducts, and were stellate in shape. The ultras tructure of myoepithelial cell revealed parallel stream of myofilaments in the cytoplasm and its processes. Lipofuscin pigments were also o bserved in between the acinar cells of parotid gland.

Enzyme histochemistry of cecal lymphoid tissue during prenatal period of buffalo

Aim: This study was designed to elucidate the histoenzymic distribution of enzymes, i.e., phosphatases, oxidoreductases, dehydrogenases, and diaphorases in cecal lymphoid tissue during its development in the prenatal period. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on cecum of 15 buffalo fetuses ranging from 16 cm curved crown-rump length (CVRL) (100 days) to 100 cm CVRL (full term). The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. Results: In Group I, the distribution of enzymes was uniformly weak in developing villi-like projections in cecum and completely absent from submucosa. In Group II, the enzymes showed a moderate to strong activity in epithelium lining tunica mucosa which progressively decreased as the fetus progresses toward late gestational age. However, the intense activity of enzymes was observed in developing lymphoid tissue in this group. In Group III, distribution of enzymes reduced in tunica mucosa of cecum with advancing age, whereas the intense activity was noticed in the developed lymphoid tissue complex. Conclusion: The distribution of enzymes was completely absent from submucosal region in cecum of Group I as there was no lymphoid tissue development at this age. In Group II, the enzymes showed a moderate to strong activity in epithelium lining tunica mucosa which progressively decreased toward late gestational age but an intense activity was observed in developing lymphoid tissue. In Group III, distribution of enzymes reduced in tunica mucosa with advancing age with intense activity noticed in the developed lymphoid tissue complex.

Ultrastructural changes in the sublingual salivary gland of prenatal buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Aim: The present study was aimed to elucidate ultrastructural changes in the development of sublingual salivary gland of buffalo during prenatal life. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on sublingual salivary gland of 36 buffalo fetuses ranging from 13.2 cm curved crown-rump length (CVRL) (88th day) to full term. The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. Results: The cells lining the terminal tubules were undifferentiated with poorly developed cytoplasmic organelles but lacked secretory granules (SGs) at 13.2 cm CVRL (88th day). The SGs appeared first in the form of membrane-bound secretory vesicles with homogeneous electron-dense as well as electron-lucent contents at 21.2 cm CVRL (122nd day); however, mucous acinar cells contained electron-lucent granules, while serous secretory cells as well as serous demilunes showed electron-dense granules at 34 cm CVRL (150th day) of prenatal life. At 53.5 cm CVRL (194th day), both mucous and serous acini were differentiated by the density of SGs. Conclusion: The cytoplasm of acinar cells was filled with mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi profiles in mid and late fetal age groups. The SGs were increased in number during the late fetal age group. The myoepithelial cells (MECs) were located at the base of the acinar cells as well as intercalated and striated ducts and were stellate in shape. The ultrastructure of MEC revealed a parallel stream of myofilaments in the cytoplasm and its processes. The mucous cells were predominantly present in the sublingual salivary gland and were pyramidal in shape.

Lymphoglandular Complexes in Proximal Colon of Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)

El presente estudio se llevo a cabo en seis terneros de bufalo neonatos sanos y seis terneros prepuberales para estudiar la ubicacion, morfologia macroscopica, histomorfologia e histoquimica de los complejos linfoglandulares en el colon proximal. Se observo en un area del colon proximal (AP) de los terneros de bufalo un ovalo linfoide de mucosa irregular en la parte mas proximal de este. Histologicamente, en el area proximal del colon de los terneros neonatos (3-4 semanas), se observo una invasion extensa de las glandulas mucosas hacia los nodulos linfaticos presentes en la submucosa. La estructura en su totalidad formaba un complejo conocido como complejo linfoglandular (CLG). A esta edad se observo un gran numero de estos complejos es decir, se observaron CLGs en la submucosa del colon proximal. La invasion de las glandulas mucosas en el tejido linfoide, se limita a la capa superficial de los complejos, los complejos linfoglandulares distribuidos directamente en el lumen, sin embargo otros se encontraban arraigados de manera profunda. En bufalo a los 6 meses de edad, es decir en el periodo prepuberal, se observo un numero reducido de CLGs presentes en una sola capa dentro de la submucosa del colon proximal. Por otra parte, algunos de CLGs estaban completamente encapsulados por su propia lamina muscularis mucosae. Algunos de los complejos mantenian abertura de las mucosas en el lumen, mientras que otros habian perdido su conexion con la mucosa. En analisis histoquimico, las glandulas que se observaron dentro del CLGs contenian mucosustancias, glucogeno, mucopolisacaridos y mucina. Sin embargo, se encontraron lipidos presentes alrededor de los linfocitos hacia la periferia de los CLGs.