Oscar Barberà

Phenolic and acetylenic metabolites from Artemisia assoana

Abstract Nine flavones, three coumarins, two flavone glycosides, p-hydroxyacetophenone and methyl caffeate have been isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia assoana. Six diacetylenic spiroketal enol-ethers, a mixture of n-alkyl p-coumarates and a new phenylpropanoid metabolite, sinapyl alcohol diisovalerate, have been isolated from root extracts of the same plant. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of some of these compounds are given and taxonomic aspects are discussed.

3-Methoxyflavones and coumarins from Artemisia incanescens

Seven 3-methoxyflavones and three coumarins have been isolated from aerial parts of Artemisia incanescens. Their 1H NMR spectra in DMSO-d6 and CDCl3 are compared and discussed. The hitherto unreported 13C NMR spectra of some of these compounds are also discussed.

Further flavonol glycosides from Anthyllis onobrychioides

Abstract The new triglycoside rhamnetin 3- O -β- d -galactopyranoside-3′,4′-di- O -β- d -glucopyranoside has been isolated from the aerial parts of Anthyllis onobrychioides . Two other new flavonol glycosides, rhamnazin 3- O -galactoside and rhamnazin 3- O -galactoside-4′- O -glucoside, were identified but not isolated as pure substances.

Flavonoids and other phenolics from Artemisia hispanica

Abstract Extraction of aerial parts of Artemisia hispanica and chromatographic separation yielded chrysosplenetin, chrysosplenol D, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6,5′-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-6,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone, arteanoflavone, cirsilineol, penduletin, axillarin, jaceosidin, apigenin, luteolin, p-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one, methyl caffeate, esculetin, apigenin 7-glucoside, luteolin 7-glucoside and the new flavonoids 5,3′,4′-trihydroxy-6,7,5′-trimethoxyflavone and isoetin 5′-glucoside.

Sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia hispanica

Abstract Extraction of aerial parts of Artemisia hispanica and chromatographic separation yielded the eight known sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, artemorin, anhydroverlotorin, tamaulipin A, reynosin, santamarin, matricarin and deacetylmatricarin, the flavone cirsimaritin, zingerone, 1-hydroxy-α-bisabololoxide A acetate and the new germacranolide 2α-hydroxyartemorin.

Flavonoid glycosides from Anthyllis sericea

Abstract A fraction of a methanolic extract of Anthyllis sericea yielded the known compounds quercetin 3-galactoside, kaempferol 3-galactoside, isorhamnetin 3-galactoside, syringetin 3-galactoside, vitexin, quercetin 3-robinobioside, isorhamnetin 3-robinobioside, kaempferol 3- O -(2- O -β- d -glucopyranosyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside and the new flavonol diglycoside isorhamnetin 3- O -(2- O -β- d -glucopyranosyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside.

Flavonol glycosides from Anthyllis onobrychioides

Abstract A new flavonol glycoside, rhamnocitrin 3- O -β- D -galactopyranoside, has been isolated from aerial parts of Anthyllis onobrychioides , together with the known 3- O -β- D -galactopyranosides of quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol.

Fast and Furious: Podemos’ Quest for Power in Multi-level Spain

Abstract After a stunning breakthrough in the 2014 European election, Podemos became the third largest parliamentary party in Spain in the 2016 general election and achieved representation in all regions. This article examines how Podemos has adapted to the opportunities and dilemmas posed by Spain’s multi-level setting in several ways: its formation in early 2014 and its evolution since; its ideological principles and policy menu; its organisation; and its political strategies and electoral alliances. The hypotheses test the effects of adaptation to multi-level competition on the party electorate. The findings indicate the positive effect of support for more decentralisation on the likelihood of voting for Podemos, but also how this effect is territorially differentiated and could affect the party’s cohesion and internal debate.

The Carrot and the Stick: Party Regulation and Politics in Democratic Spain

Party regulation in new democracies in general, and in the Spanish political system in particular, has not been a matter of concern until very recently. In order to fill this gap, this article explores the way political parties have been regulated not only in the Constitution, but also in the main laws regulating party foundation, organisation, dissolution and, not least, funding: namely, the 1978 and 2002 Political Party Laws as well as the 1985 and 2007 Party Funding Laws. The empirical part explores the impact such regulation has had on the Spanish party system as well as on the life of its party organisations.

Biology Curriculum in Twentieth-Century Spain.

One hundred years of history of Spanish biology curricula are reviewed in this article. The aim of this analysis is focused on the relationship between socially con- troversial biological issues and the decisionmaking procedures in the construction of the national curricula published under the different regimes that have governed Spain over the last 100 years. The study covers the secondary level of schooling (age 10 up to university), and is based mainly on the data afforded by the official publications of the nine national curricula in twentieth-century Spain, and some of the main textbooks used for this schooling level. Special attention is given to the teaching of evolution, the most sensitive issue in biology education, and some parallelisms are traced and com- pared with similar phenomena occurring in other countries. The new trends in biology education from the last reform of the Spanish education system are briefly discussed. This study provides a perspective of the pressures affecting socially controversial issues in- cluded in education. These pressures have been identified mainly as political, social, and religious beliefs held by powerful and influential social groups, the same kinds of forces that have existed in other countries worldwide. Studies such as this one, about the real forces that have shaped curriculum development in the past, are vital for understanding the present circumstances in biology education and, therefore, unavoidable in order to enhance future standards in biology education. q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 83: 97- 111, 1999.