Osvaldo L. L. Moraes

Serial Upstream-Propagating Mesoscale Convective System Events over Southeastern South America

Abstract Serial mesoscale convective system (MCS) events with lifetimes over 18 h and up to nearly 70 h are routinely observed over southeastern South America from infrared satellite imagery during the spring and summer. These events begin over the southern La Plata River basin, with individual convective systems generally moving eastward with the cloud-layer-mean wind. However, an important and common subset of these serial MCS events shows individual MCSs moving to the east or southeast, yet the region of convective development as a whole shifts upstream to the north or northwest. Analyses of the composite mean environments from 10 of these upstream-propagating serial MCS events using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data events indicates that the synoptic conditions resemble those found in mesoscale convective complex environments over the United States. The serial MCS events form within an environment of strong low-level warm advection and strong moisture advection between the surface and 700 hPa from the Amazon ...

Turbulence Characteristics In The Surface Boundary Layer Over The South American Pampa

This paper presents results of turbulence measurementsmade in the south of Brazil in the Pampa region.Data collected at 1Hz are used to calculatestandard deviations of temperature and velocities. Onthe other hand data collected at 10Hz areused to study the behaviour of spectra and cospectraof turbulence in the surface layer. Dimensionless dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance are also presented. The frameworkof Monin–Obukhov Similarity theory is used and allresults are compared with other experimentalstudies.

Nocturnal Intermittent Coupling Between the Interior of a Pine Forest and the Air Above It

A 1-year set of measurements of CO2 and energy turbulent fluxes above and within a 25-m pine forest in southern Brazil is analyzed. The study focuses on the coupling state between two levels and its impact on flux determination by the eddy-covariance method. The turbulent series are split in their typical temporal scales using the multiresolution decomposition, a method that allows proper identification of the time scales of the turbulent events. Initially, four case studies are presented: a continually turbulent, a continually calm, a calm then turbulent, and an intermittent night. During transitions from calm to turbulent, large scalar fluxes of opposing signs occur at both levels, suggesting the transference of air accumulated in the canopy during the stagnant period both upwards and downwards. Average fluxes are shown for the entire period as a function of turbulence intensity and a canopy Richardson number, used as an indicator of the canopy coupling state. Above the canopy, CO2 and sensible heat fluxes decrease in magnitude both at the neutral and at the very stable limit, while below the canopy they increase monotonically with the canopy Richardson number. Latent heat fluxes decrease at both levels as the canopy air becomes more stable. The average temporal scales of the turbulent fluxes at both levels approach each other in neutral conditions, indicating that the levels are coupled in that case. Average CO2 fluxes during turbulent periods that succeed very calm ones are appreciably larger than the overall average above the canopy and smaller than the average or negative within the canopy, indicating that the transfer of air accumulated during calm portions at later turbulent intervals affects the flux average. The implications of this process for mean flux determination are discussed.

Surface-to-Atmosphere Exchange in a River Valley Environment

Abstract Observations of the turbulent exchange between a river surface and the atmosphere in a mountainous area in southern Brazil are presented and discussed. A micrometeorological tower was installed directly above the surface of a 60-m-wide river. This paper describes the observed turbulent fluxes over 12 days of observations at this site. Eddy correlation sensible and latent heat fluxes are directed toward the river during daytime and from the river at night, and they are controlled by differences between water and air temperatures. The magnitude of the vertical fluxes between the river and the atmosphere increases during daytime with increasing temperature gradient up to a threshold, beyond which the increasing stability starts to dampen the fluxes. Water and air temperatures show very little variations across the width of the river, indicating that the measurements taken at one margin may be representative of the mean river exchange. Local scalar budgets show that daytime warming and moistening rat...

Energy Partitioning and Evapotranspiration over a Rice Paddy in Southern Brazil

AbstractDuring approximately 80% of its growing season, lowland flooded irrigated rice ecosystems in southern Brazil are kept within a 5–10-cm water layer. These anaerobic conditions have an influence on the partitioning of the energy and water balance components. Furthermore, this cropping system differs substantially from any other upland nonirrigated or irrigated crop ecosystems. In this study, daily, seasonal, and annual dynamics of the energy and water balance components were analyzed over a paddy rice farm in a subtropical location in southern Brazil using eddy covariance measurements. In this region, rice is grown once a year in low wetlands while the ground is kept fallow during the remaining of the year. Results show that the energy budget residual corresponded to up to 20% of the net radiation during the rice-growing season and around 10% for the remainder of the year (fallow). The energy and water balance analysis also showed that because of the high water table in the region, soil was near sat...

Simulation of a Serial Upstream-Propagating Mesoscale Convective System Event over Southeastern South America Using Composite Initial Conditions

Abstract Serial upstream-propagating mesoscale convective system (MCS) events over southeastern South America are important contributors to the local hydrologic cycle as they can provide roughly half of the total monthly summer precipitation. However, the mechanisms of upstream propagation for these events have not been explored. To remedy this situation, a numerical simulation of the composite environmental conditions from 10 observed serial MCS events is conducted. Results indicate that the 3-day simulation from the composite yields a reasonable evolution of the large-scale environment and produces a large region of organized convection in the warm sector over an extended period as seen in observations. Upstream propagation of the convective region is produced and is tied initially to the development and evolution of untrapped internal gravity waves. However, as convective downdrafts develop and begin to merge and form a surface cold pool in the simulation, the cold pool and its interaction with the env...

Análise espectral do vento no Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara (CLA)

In this work is analyzed the spectral characteristics of atmospheric turbulence in the Alcântara Launching Center (CLA), which suffers the influence of a cliff and of the sea breeze coming from the ocean. The atmospheric spectra were determined for the 3 wind components (u, v, and w) in the superficial boundary layer, to be used for the Research and Developpment (R&D) of sounding rockets and Satellite Launch Vehicle (VLS) build by IAE. The data were collected during the month of August, 1999 using a 3D sonic anemometer. Results involving the σu/u*, σv/u* and σw/u* relations are obtained, and are all consistent with those reported in literature.

Estimativa da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa absorvida pela cultura da soja através de dados do sensor Modis

The objective of this study was to test a methodology of data generation of the spatial and temporal distribution of the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (RFAa) by the soybean crop based on the quantification of the relation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FRFAa) by the crop. The study covered the county of Cruz Alta, one of the largest producers of soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the period of two harvest seasons: 2008/09 and 2009/10. The data of the incident photosynthetically active radiation (RFAi) were collected on the experimental area and the orbital data came from two platforms: Landsat/TM and Terra/MODIS, both with free distribution, but with distinct characteristics. A simple linear relation was established between the NDVI of the MODIS images and the FRFAa, obtained during two important periods of the cycle: sowing and maximum plant growth. The results showed that there is an association between the NDVI and the FRFAa that can, therefore, be used on the generation of RFAa data by the soybean crop throughout the development cycle, allowing the temporal monitoring of this element.

An algebraic expression for the eddy diffusivities in the stable boundary layer: a description of near-source diffusion (*)

SummaryAn algebraic formulation to evaluate the eddy diffusivities for a turbulent Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) is described in this paper. The method is based on the local similarity and Taylors diffusion theory. The eddy diffusivities are functions of distance from the source and represent correctly the near-source diffusion in weak winds. The agreement with the eddy diffusivities available by an integral formulation indicates that the hypothesis of using an algebraic formulation as a surrogate for eddy diffusivities in the turbulent SBL is valid.

Kaimal's isopleths from a closure model

Kaimals isopleths for the spectra of the Kansas experiment are derived from a closure model built after Claussens mechanisms for the spectral transfer of kinetic energy in a steady-state and horizontally homogeneous flow. The connection of the predicted three-dimensional spectrum with the measured one-dimensional one is accomplished via the additional assumption that turbulence in the Kansas experiment was basically isotropic.